Emtl 5 Units Problems

UNIT 1 PROBLEMS
Problem:1.1
Point charges 1mC and –2mC are located at (3, 2, -1) and (-1, -1, 4) respectively.
Calculate the electric force on a 10nC charge located at (0, 3, 1) and the electric
field intensity at that point.
Solution:
We know
Q 2
r − rK
F=
4 0
Q
K =1
K
r − rK
3
10 10 −9  (− 3ax + a y + 2az ) − 2 10−3 (ax + 4a y − 3az )

= 110 −3 
4 0  (
9 +1+ 4
3
) ( )3
1 + 16 + 9 
 (− 3a x + a y + 2a z )10 −3 (2a x + 8a y − 6a z )
= 90  − 10 −3 
 52.38 132.57 
= 90  10 −3 a x  − 3 −2   1
 + ay  −
8   2
 + az  +
6 


  52.38 132.57   52.38 132.57   52.38 132.57 

= 90 10−3 − 0.0723 ax − 0.0413 a y + 0.0834 az 
= −0.0065 ax − 0.0037 a y + 0.0075 az N.
F
Also we know E=
Q
0.0065 0.037 0.0075
= − −9
ax − −9
ay + az
10  10 10  10 10  10 −9
= − 650 a x − 370 a y + 750 a z KV/m.
Problem :1.2
Point charges 5nC and –2nC are located at 2ax + 4az and −3a x + 5a z respectively. (a)
Determine the force on a 1nC point charge located at a x − 3a y + 7 a z .(b) Find the
electric field E at a x − 3a y + 7 a z .
Solution:
(a) We know
Q 2
r − rK
F=
4 0
Q
K =1
K
r − rK
3
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
 (− ax − 3a y + 3az ) 2(4ax − 3a y + 2az )
= 10 −9  9  109  10 −9 5 − 
 (
1+ 9 + 9
3
)
16 + 9 + 4
3
(
 )
= 9  10 −9 a x  − 5 −
8   − 15
 + ay  +
6   15
 + az  −
4 


  82.81 156.169   82.81 156.169   82.81 156.169 
= 9 10
−9
a (− 0.112) + a (− 0.143) + a (0.155)
x y z
= − 1.008 a x − 1.287 a y + 1.395 a z nN
(b) E = F , here Q=1nC

Q
 E = −1.008 ax − 1.287 a y + 1.395 az V / m

*Problem:1.3
Point charges Q1 and Q2 are respectively located at(4,0,-3) and (2,0,1). If Q2=4nC,
Find Q1 such that (a) The E at (5,0,6) has no Z-component. (b) The force on a test
charge at (5,0,6) has no X-component.
Solution:
Q 2
r − rK
We have F=
4 0
Q
K =1
K
r − rK
3
(a)
 −9 
F 1  Q1 (5,0,6) − (4,0, −3) 4  10 (5,0,6) − (2,0,1) 
E= = +
Q 4 0 
( ) ( ) 
3 3
 1 + 81 9 + 25 
 −9

0=
1  Q1  9 + 4  10  5 
4 0 
( ) 
( )
3 3
Given E has no Z-component  82 34 
−9
Q1  9 4  10  5
=−
( ) ( )
3 3
82 34
3
20  41 
Q1 = −   nC = −8.3nC
9  17 
(b) Given the force on test charge has no X-component
Electrostatics 1.3
 
Q  Q1 4  10−9  3 
0= +
4 0  82 3
( ) ( )
3 
 34 
−9
Q1 4  10  3
=−
( ) ( )
3 3
82 34
3
 41 
Q1 = −12   nC = −44.95nC
 17 
Problem:1.4
Two point charges of equal mass ‘m’, charge ‘Q’ are suspended at a common point
by two threads of negligible mass and length ‘l’. Show that at equilibrium the
inclination angle ‘’ of each thread to the vertical is given by Q2 = 16 0 mgl2 sin2
tan , (or) tan 3  Q2 ,
=
1 + tan 2  16 0 mgl 2
if ‘’ is very small
Show that  = Q2
3
16 0 mgl 2
Solution:
Fig: 1.3 suspended charge particles

When two charges are suspended from a common point with threads of length ‘l’,
we can represent graphically as sown in Fig:1.3, where T is the tension in thread
‘mg’ is the weight of charge towards ground due to gravitational force and F is
force on charge at ‘A’(B) due to charge at ‘B’(A). T cos  is the vertical component of
‘T’ which is upwards and T sin  is the horizontal component of ‘T’ which is
opposite to F . To form equilibrium either at ‘A’ or ‘B’
T cos  = mg (1.3.1)
T sin  = F (1.3.2)
(1.3.1) = T sin  =
F
(1.3.2 ) T cos  mg
F
 Tan  =
mg
Q2 sin  =
r/2
where F= from Fig:1.3
4 0 r 2 l
 r = 2l sin 
Q2
Tan  =
4mg 0 r 2
Q2
=
4mg 0 4l 2 sin 2 
Q2
Tan =
16mgl 2 0 sin 2 
Q2
Sin  Tan  =
2
(1.3.3)
16mgl 2 0
 Q 2 = 16 0 mgl 2 Sin 2 Tan  (1.3.4)
From (1.3.3)
Sin 2 Q2
Cos 2 Tan  =
Cos 
2
16 0 mgl 2
Tan 3 Q2
=
Sec 2 16 0 mgl 2
Tan 3 Q2
=
1 + Tan 2 16 0 mgl 2
If  is very small, sin  = Tan  = 
From (1.3.4) Q2 = 160 mg l2 3
Q2
3 =
16 0 mg l 2
Electrostatics 1.5
2
Q
 =3
16 0 mg l 2
Problem:1.5
Two small identical conducting spheres have charges of 2x10 -9 and -0.5x10-9C
respectively. (a) When they are placed 4cm apart what is the force between them?
(b) If they are brought into contact and then separated by 4cm. What is the force
between them?
Solution:
(a) We know
Q1 Q2
F=
4 0 R 2
− 2  10 −9  0.5  10 −9  9  109
=
4  10 −4  4
= -5.625 N
(b) when they are brought into contact, charges will be added and again when
they are separated charge will be distributed equally
Q1 = 0.758x10-9C Q2 = 0.75x10-9C
F = 3.164 N
Problem:1.6
If the charges in the above problem are separated with the same distance in a
kerosene (r = 2), then find (a) and (b) as in the previous problem.
Solution:
(a)
− 5.625
Fk = N
2
= -2.8125 N
3.164
(b) Fk = = 1.582 N
2
Problem:1.7
Three equal +Ve charges of 4x10-9C each are located at 3 corners of a square, side
20cm. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the vacant
corner point of the square.
Solution:
Fig:1.4
E1 = Electric field intensity at Q4 due to Q1
Q1
=
4 0 R 2
= 900 V/m
E2 = 450 V/m
E3 = 900 V/m
The electric field intensity at vacant point is
E = E2 + E1 cos 450 + E3 cos 450
900 900
= 450 + +
2 2
= 450 + 900 2
= 1722.792206 V/m
(1.14)
Problem: 1.8
A circular ring of radius ‘a’ carries a uniform charge L C/m and is placed on the
XY plane with axis the same as the Z-axis.
 L ah
(a) Show that E (0,0, h ) = az .
(
2 0 h 2 + a 2 )
3/ 2
(b) What values of h gives the maximum value of E

(c) If the total charge on the ring is Q. Find E as ‘a’ tends to
zero.
Solution:
(a)
Here dl = a d
Electrostatics 1.7
dQ = L dl
= L ad
dQ
dE = ar
4 0 R 2
Fig:1.15
ar R
ar = R
R
; 2
= 3
R R
dQ − a a + ha z 
dE =
(
4 0 a 2 + h 2 3 / 2 )
dQ = L a d
Q =   L a d
when we add up electric fields, the electric field in  direction gets cancelled.
dQ ha z
E =
(
4 0 a + h 2
2
)
3/ 2
 L a d ha z
=
4 0 (a 2 + h 2 )3 / 2
2
 a ha z  L ah
= L
4 0 (a + h 2 )3 / 2
2  d = 2  (a
0
2
+ h2 )
3/ 2
az
0
(b) dE = 0
dh
La
(a 2
+ h2 )
3/ 2 3
.1 − h (a 2 + h 2 )1/ 2 2h
2
az =0
2 0 (a + h2
2 3
)
(a2 + h2) - 3h2 = 0

a2 – 2h2 = 0
2h2 = a2
a
h=
2
(c) When ‘a’ tends to zero, it becomes a point charge ‘Q’ located at origin and
we have to find electric field at (0,0,h) due to point charge ‘Q’ located at
origin.
 E= Q
az
4 0 h 2
*Problem: 1.9
Derive an expression for the electric field strength due to a circular ring of radius ‘a’
and uniform charge density L C/m. Obtain the value of height ‘h’ along Z-axis at
which the net electric field becomes zero. Assume the ring to be placed in X-Y
plane.
Solution:
Derivation is as in Problem: 1.8.
 L ah
E= az
2 0 ( a 2 + h 2 )
3/2
Which can be written as

L a
E= 3/2
az
 a2 
2 0 h  2 + 1
2
h 
From the above equation we can say that for h=, the net electric field becomes
zero.
*Problem: 1.10
A circular ring of radius ‘a’ carries uniform charge L C/m and is in XY-plane. Find
the Electric field at point (0,0,2) along its axis.
Solution:
Replacing ‘h’ in problem:1.8 with ‘2’ and solving, we get
L a2
E= az
2 0 ( a 2 + 4 )
3/2
1.1.1 Volume Charge Distribution

Electrostatics 1.9
Consider a sphere of radius ‘a’ as shown in the Fig:1.16.
Fig:1.16 Finding E due to volume charge distribution
Assume elemental volume dv is placed at point ( r ,  ,  ) . The elemental charge dQ

due to the elemental volume dv, whose volume charge density v is
dQ = vdv
Q =  v  dv
v
4
= v  a3
3
The elemental electric field dE due to elemental volume dv is

dQ
dE = aR
4 0 R 2
 v dv
= aR
4 0 R 2
where aR = cos  az + sin  a
Due to symmetry, the electric field in ‘’ direction will be zero. Finally total electric
field will be in Z-direction.
v dv
Ez = E  az =  cos 
v
4 0 R 2
In spherical coordinate system
dv = dr r d r  sin  d 

2
dv = (r ) sin  dr d d 
v ( r  ) sin  dr d d  cos 
2
Ez = 
v
4 0 R 2
By applying cosine rule in the Fig:1.16
(r )2 = z 2 + R 2 − 2 zR cos 
− ( r) + z 2 + R 2
2
cos  =
2 zR
Similarly
R2 = z 2 + (r )2 − 2 zr  cos  
z 2 + ( r) − R2
2
 cos   = (1.15)
2 zr 
on differentiating equation (1.15), we get
−2 R
− sin   d  = dR
2 zr 
R
sin   d  = dR
zr 
Here as   varies from 0 to  , R changes from z − r  to z + r  respectively
Substituting cos and sin   d  in Ez equation, we get
2 2 2
v 2 a z +r 2 RdR z + R − r 1
Ez =  d    r dr 
2
4 0  =0 r =0 R = z −r zr  2 zR R
 v 2
a z +r  2
z − r
2

Ez =
2 
 

r 1 +
2  dRdr
8 0 z r = 0 R = z −r
 R 
z +r
 v a z  2
− r
2

Ez =
2
 r R −
  dr 
4 0 z r =0  R  z −r
Electrostatics 1.11
 v a 2
Ez =  4 r  dr 
2 
4 0 z r =0
v a 3 v 4
Ez = =  a3
0 z 3 2
4 0 z 3 2
Q
E = az (1.16)
4 0 z 2
The electric field due to a sphere of radius ‘a’ with volume charge density v is
similar to the electric field due to a point charge which is placed at origin.
Problem: 1.11
A circular disk of radius ‘a’ is uniformly charged with s C/m2. If the disk lies on
the Z=0 plane with it’s axis along the Z-axis
Show that at point (0, 0, h), E =

s  h 
(a) 1 − 2  az
2 0  (
h + a2 )
1/ 2

(b) From this derive the E due to an infinite sheet of charge on the Z=0 plane.
(c) If a <<h, Show that E is similar to the field due to a point charge.
Solution:
(a)
Fig:1.17
dQ
dE = 2 ar
4 0 R
dQ = s ds ; ds=d.d,
= s d d
 a  + R = ha z
R = ha z −  a 
E=
(
 s  d  d ha z −  a )
S 4 0 (h 2
+ )
2 3/2
2
s a
h
E= a z  d  d
4 0 0 (h + 2 )
2 3/2
0
s a
az 2 h  ( h 2 +  2 ) d (  2 )
1 −3/2
=
4 0 0
2
a
 −3 
=
( +1
sh 1  h2 +  2 2 
az 
)

2 0 2  − 3
+1 
 2 0
=
s h
4 0 
az −2 ( h 2 + a 2 ) − ( h 2 ) 

−1/2 −1/2
 
−  s h az  1 1
=  − 
2 0 
 (h 2
+ a2 ) h

s  h 
E= 1 − 2 1/ 2  z
a
2 0  (
h + a2 ) 
s
(b) a → ; E = az
2 0
(c) when a<<h, the volume charge density becomes a point charge located at
origin,  E = Q
az
4 0 h 2
Electrostatics 1.13
Problem: 1.12
The finite sheet 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1 on the Z=0 plane has a charge density s= xy(x2
+ y2 + 25)3/2 nC/m2.
Find (a) the total charge on the sheet
(b) the electric field at (0, 0, 5)
(c) the force experienced by a –1nC charge located at (0, 0, 5)
Solution:
(a) dQ = s ds
Q=
  ds
s
s
1 1
  xy ( x + y 2 + 25)
3/2
= 2
ndxdy
x =0 y =0
1 1
 (x + y 2 + 25)
1
=n  x 2 3/2
d ( y 2 )dx
x =0 y =0
2
1
( x 2 + y 2 + 25 )5/2  2 1 dx
1
=n  
x =0
x  0 5 2
1
n ( x 2 + 26 )5/2 − ( x 2 + 25 )5/2  1 d ( x 2 )
5 x=0 
=  2
= ( x 2 + 26 ) − ( x 2 + 25) 
n 7/2 7/2 1 1
5   0 7
n 
( 27 ) − 2 ( 26 ) + ( 25 ) 
7/2 7/2 7/2
=
35  
n
= 102275.868136 − 179240.733942 + 78125
35
Q = 33.15nC
(b) Electric field at (0, 0, 5)
 s ds
dE = aR ; on Z-plane point is (x,y,0)
4 0 R 2
 R = ( 0, 0,5) − ( x, y, 0 ) = − xa x − ya y + 5a z
aR R − xa x − ya y + 5az
= 3=
( )
2 3
R R x 2 + y 2 + 25
 ds R
E= s
s 4 0 R 3
 
xy ( x 2 + y 2 + 25) 10−9  − xax − ya y + 5az 
3/2
1 1
=    3 
dx dy
x =0 y =0
4 0  x + y + 25 

2 2
(  )
1 1
1
=
4 0  
x =0 y =0
− x 2 ya x − xy2 a y + 5 xya z dx dy  10 −9
1 1 1
1
1
 y2   y3   y2 
=  − x   a x − x   a y + 5 x   a z dx  10 −9
2
4 0 x =0  2 0  3 0  2 0
1
1 x2 x 5
=
4 0 x =0
 −
2
ax − a y + xaz dx  10−9
3 2
1   x3 1  x2 
1
5  x2 
1

=   −  ax −   a y +   az  10−9
4 0   6  0  6 0 2  2 0 
1  1 1 5  −9
= − 6 ax − 6 a y + 4 az   10
4 0
 1 1 5 
= 9  109 − a x − a y + a z   10 −9
 6 6 4 
= −1.5 a x − 1.5 a y + 11.25 a z V/m
(c) F = qE
= ( −1nC )  −1.5 ax − 1.5 a y + 11.25 az 
= 1.5 a x + 1.5 a y − 11.25 a z nN

Electrostatics 1.15
Problem: 1.13
A square plane described by –2 < x < 2, -2 < y < 2, z = 0 carries a charge density
12|y| mC/m2. Find the total charge on the plate and the electric field intensity at
(0, 0, 10)
Solution:
dQ = s ds
Q=
  ds
s
s
2 2
  12 | y |  10
−3
= dxdy
x = −2 y = −2
2  0 2 
= 10 −3
 
x =−2 
 − 12 y dy +  12 y dy  dx

 y =−2 y =0
0 2
2
 y2   y2 

−3
= 10 − 12  + 12  dx
x = −2  2  −2  2 0
2
= 10−3  12(2) + 12(2)dx

x =−2

−3
= 48 10 dx = 48 10−3  4 = 192mC
x =−2
 s ds
dE = a R ; R = (0,0,10) − (x, y,0) = − xax − ya y + 10az
4 0 R 2
 s ds R
dE =
4 0 R 3
 s ds R
E =
s
4 0 R 3
 
12 | y | 10−3  − xax − ya y + 10az 
2 2
=    3 
dx dy
x =−2 y =−2
4 0
 (
 x + y + 100 
2 2
)
2  0 xya + y 2 a − 10 ya 2
− xyax − y 2 a y + 10 yaz 

= 9 106 12   2 x2 + y 2 + 100 3/2 + y=0 x2 + y 2 + 100 3/2 dy  dx
x y z
dy
x =−2
 y =−
 ( ) ( ) 
Replacing y with –y in the first integral and simplifying
2 
−2 xyax + 20 yaz
2
 dy  dx
E = 108 10   y=0
6
(x + y 2 + 100 ) 
2 3/2
x =−2
 
2  2 2 
 − x  2 yax ( x + y + 100 ) dy + 10  2 yaz ( x + y + 100 ) dy  dx
−3/2 −3/2
= 108 106 
2 2 2 2
x =−2  y =0 y =0 
2  2 2 
 − x  ax ( x + y + 100 ) d ( y ) + 10  az ( x + y + 100 ) d ( y )  dx
−3/2 −3/2
= 108 106 
2 2 2 2 2 2
x =−2  y =0 y =0 
  2  ( x 2 + y 2 + 100 )−1/2  
( )
−1/2 2 2
2
x + y 2
+ 100 
− x   ax + 10   az  dx
= 108 106    −1/ 2   −1/ 2  
x =−2
  0   0 
2x ( x + 104) 
2
− 2 x ( x 2 + 100 )  a − 20 ( x 2 + 104 )−1/2 − ( x 2 + 100 )−1/2  a dx
−1/2 −1/2
= 108 106 
2
 x   z
x =−2
x ( x 2 + 104 ) & x ( x 2 + 100 )

−1/2 −1/2
are odd functions
(x + 104 ) (x + 100 )
2 −1/2 2 −1/2
and & are even functions
a

−a
f ( x)dx = 0 if f is odd
a
= 2  f ( x)dx if f is even
0
 
 1
2
1 
 E = −20 108 106  2   −  az dx
( ) x 2 + 102 
2
x =0  x 2 + 104
 
2
  x  −1  x  
= −40 108 10 sinh −1  6
 − sinh  10   az
  104   0
Electrostatics 1.17
  2  −1  1  
= −40 108 106 sinh −1   − sinh  5   az
  104   
= −40 108 106 0.19488 − 0.19869 az
E =16.46 a z MV/m.
1.6 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY OR DISPLACEMENT DENSITY

It is also called Electric displacement and to understand the concept one needs to
know about line integral, surface integral and electric flux, which are explained as
follows.
1.6.1 Line integral:
If a vector A is passing through a line as shown in the Fig:1.18. The line integral
can be defined as the tangential component of vector A along the line, which can
be written as
Fig: 1.18 Evaluation of Line integral
 A cos dL = 
L L
A.dL
If a line is closed curve then the above integral can be written as . which is
 Adl
L
called as contour line integral.
1.6.2 Surface integral:
Similarly, if a vector A is passing through a surface as shown in Fig: 1.19

Fig: 1.19 Evaluation of Surface integral
The flux () of a vector A or surface integral can be written as

 =  A cos  ds
s
=  A. ds
s
(1.17)
If the surface is closed surface then the above integral can be written as
 A. ds which is called as contour surface integral.

s
1.6.3 Electric flux:

We know that electric field intensity depends upon the medium in which it passes.
Let us define a new vector D such that it is independent of medium i.e.,
D =0 E . Then the flux of D , i.e  =  D .ds , where  is the electric flux. Which
s
can be defined according to SI units as one line of flux originates from +1 Coloumb
and terminates at –1 Coloumb. So the unit of Electric flux is also Coloumb and
D is the electric flux density whose unit is columb/m2.
The formulae for D can be obtained by multiplying the formulae of E with 0.
Q aR
 Electric flux density due to a point charge DQ = (1.18)
4 R 2
and Electric flux density due to an infinite line with line chare density
L
 L is DL = a (1.19)
2
Problem: 1.14
Determine D at (4, 0, 3) if there is a point charge -5 mC at (4, 0, 0) and a line

charge 3 mC/m along the Y-axis
Solution:
Fig: 1.20
Electrostatics 1.19
R = (4,0,3) − (4,0,0) = (0,0,3)

Q aR
DQ = Where
4 R 2
− 5 3a z  10 −3
=
4 (9)3 / 2
−5 3az 10−3 −5az 10−3
= = = −0.139az 10−3 C/m2.
4 27 36

a =

 = (4,0,3) − (0,0,0) = 4a x + 3a z
L
DL = a
2
3 4a + 3a z
=  10 −3 x
2 25
= 0.24ax + 0.18az mC/m2.
D = DQ + DL = 240ax + 42az C / m2
1.7 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

Divergence: The divergence of a vector A at a given point is the outward flux in a
volume as volume shrinks about the point. It can be represented as
 A. ds
div A =   A = Lim s (1.20)
v →0 v
Where  is the del operator or gradient operator.  can be operated on a vector or
scalar. It has got different meanings when it is operating on a vector and scalar. If
it is operating on a scalar V then it can be written as V which is called as scalar
gradient. If it is operating on a vector A with dot product then it is .A and it is
called as divergence of vector A and If it is operating on a vector A with cross

product then it is   A and it is called as curl of vector A .
..
Fig:1.21 Flux lines

Physically divergence can be interpreted as the measure of how much field diverges
or emanates from a point. Let us consider the Fig:1.21a in which field is reaching
to the point. Divergence at that point is –Ve or it is also called as convergence. In
Fig:1.21b the field is going away from the point, therefore divergence is +Ve. In
Fig:1.21c some of the flux lines or field lines are reaching to the point and same
number of field lines are leaving from the point hence the divergence is zero.
To determine .A let us consider the volume in Cartesian co-ordinate systems

as shown in the Fig:1.22. In Cartesian co-ordinate system, the vector A with it’s
unit vectors and components along X, Y, Z is
A = Ax a x + Ay a y + Az a z
Fig:1.22 Evaluation of . A
Assume the elemental volume V =xyz. The flux of a vector A on Y-axis that
enters in to the left side of the volume is Ayxz. The flux which is leaving from
right side of the volume on Y-axis can be written as (Ay+Ay) xz. This equation
can be modified as  Ay  . So the total flux on Y-axis is Ayxz+ Ay xyz -
 Ay + y y  x z y
 
Ayxz
Ay
= xyz
y
Similarly on X and Z-axises also.
Electrostatics 1.21
 Ax Ay A 
The entire flux in all the directions is  =  + + z  xyz . We know
 x y z 
= 
s
A  ds
 A  ds
Ax Ay Az
s
= + +
v x y z
Applying Limit on both sides
 A  ds
Ax Ay Az
s
= Lim + +
v v → 0 x y z
Ax Ay Az

  A = + +
x y z
Conclusion:
The divergence of a vector results a scalar. The divergence of a scalar has no
meaning
( )
  A + B = . A + .B
  (VA) = V . A + A  V
 a a y a z 
  A =  x + + .(Ax a x + Ay a y + Az a z )
 x y z 
Ax Ay Az

= + +
x y z
So from the above equation, the gradient operator is
a x a y a z
= + + (1.21)
x y z
and the scalar gradient is
V V V
V = ax + ay + az
x y z
1.7.1 Divergence Theorem

Statement:
This theorem states that the outward flux flows through a closed surface is same as
the volume integral of divergence of a vector.

s
A  ds =    A dv
v
(1.22)
Proof:
Consider a vector A = Ax a x + Ay a y + Az a z .
Similarly ds = ds x a x + ds y a y + ds z a z and we know that divergence of
Ax Ay Az

vector A i.e.,   A = + +
x y z
Assume dv = dx dy dz
consider the volume integral

Ax Ay Az

v
  A dv =   
v
x
+
y
+
z
dx dy dz
The integral can be written as

Ay  dAy 
 y
dx dy dz =  
 dy
dy  dx dz =

 A ds
s
y y
v s
where dsy = The elemental surface on XZ plane.

Similarly the first and third integrals can be written as
 Ax ds x ,  Az ds z
s s
    Adv =  ( Ax ds x + Ay ds y + Az ds z )
v s
= 
s
(A a x x )( )
+ Ay a y + Az az  dsx ax + ds y a y + dsz az =  A ds
s
Hence proved.
Formulae for Gradient:
In Cartesian co-ordinate system

Electrostatics 1.23
V V V
V = ax + ay + az (1.23)
x y z
in cylindrical co-ordinate system
V 1 V V
V = a + a + az (1.24)
   z
in spherical co-ordinate system
V 1 V 1 V
V = ar + a + a (1.25)
r r  r sin  
Problem:1.15
Find the gradient of the following scalar fields
(a) V = e-z sin 2x cos hy

(b) U = 2z cos2
(c) W = 10r sin2 cos
Solution:
(a) Since given V is in x and y, consider gradient in Cartesian co-

ordinate system
V V V
V = ax + ay + az
x y z
= e − z cosh y cos 2 x 2a x + e − z sin 2 x sinh y a y + sin 2 x cosh y e − z (− 1)a z
= 2cos 2 x cosh y e− z ax + sin 2 x sinh y e− z ay − sin 2 x cosh y e− z az

(b) Since given U is in , z and , consider gradient in cylindrical
co-ordinate system
U 1 U U
U = a + a + az
   z
= Z cos 2 2 a +  z(− sin 2 )2 a +  2 cos 2 a z

(c) Since given W is in r, and , consider gradient in spherical
co-ordinate system
W 1 W 1 W
W = ar + a + a
r r  r sin  
 10r  1
= 10sin 2  cos  ar +   2sin  cos  cos  a + 10r sin  ( − sin  ) a .
2
 r  r sin 
Formulae for Divergence of a Vector:
In Cartesian co-ordinate system
Ax Ay Az
 A = + + (1.26)
x y z
in cylindrical co-ordinate system
1 (A ) 1 (A ) Az
 A = + +
    z
(1.27)
in spherical co-ordinate system
(
1  r 2 Ar
 A = 2 +
)1 (sin  A )
+
1 A
r r r sin   r sin  
(1.28)
Problem:1.16
Determine the divergence of the following vector fields.

(a) P = x 2 yz a x + x 3 zy a y + xy2 z 3 a z
(b) Q =  sin  a +  2 z a + z cos  a z
1
(c) T = cos  ar + r sin  cos  a + cos  a
r2
(d) N = r 3 sin  ar + sin 2 cos 2  a + cos  r 2 a
Solution:
(a) Given P = x 2 yz a x + x 3 zy a y + xy2 z 3 a z

Px Py Pz
 P = + +
x y z
= 2xyz +x3z + 3xy2z2
(b)Given Q =  sin  a +  2 z a + z cos  a z
1 (Q ) 1 (Q ) Qz

Q = + +
    z
Electrostatics 1.25
=
1
2  sin  +
1
(0) + cos 
 
= 2sin + cos
1
(c) Given T = cos  ar + r sin  cos  a + cos  a
r2
 T =
(
1  r 2Tr
+
)
1 (sin  T )
+
1 T
r 2
r r sin   r sin  
=
1
(0 ) +
1
r 2 sin  cos  cos  +
1
(0)
r2 r sin  r sin 
= 2 cos  cos
(d) Given N = r 3 sin  ar + sin 2 cos 2  a + cos  r 2 a
 N =
(
1  r 2 Nr
+
)
1 (sin  N )
+
1 N
r 2
r r sin   r sin  
1 1 sin 3 
=
1 4
5r sin  +  − sin  +  cos  +
2 1
(0)
r 2
r sin  2  3  r sin 
1 sin 3
= 5r 2 sin  − cos 2  + cos 2 
2r 6r sin 
Problem:1.17
2
Given D = z  cos  a z C/m2. Calculate the charge density at (1, /4, 3) and the
total charge enclosed by the cylinder of radius 1m with –2 < z < 2 m.
Solution:
We know
v =   D
in cylindrical co-ordinate system the divergence can be written as
1  ( D ) 1  (D ) Dz
v = + +
    z
Dz
v = since D has only Z- component
z
 v =  cos 2 

( v )1,  ,3 = (1) cos 2 
1
 = C/m
3
 4  4 2
change enclosed = Qenc =   dv

v
v where dv = dddz
1 2 2
Qenc =

  
=0 =0 z =−2
 cos2  d  d dz
1 2
=    2 cos 2  (4)d d
  =0 =0
1 
1
 2  (2 ) + sin 4  d
1
=4


=0 2 2 
1
1
 3  4
= 4   d  = 4   =
2
C.
 =0  3 0 3
Problem:1.18
If ( 2
)
D = 2 y + z a x + 4 xy a y + x a z C/m2. Find
(a) the volume charge density at (-1, 0, 3)

(b) the flux through the cube defined by 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1, 0<z <1
(c) the total charge enclosed by the cube
Solution:
According to Maxwell’s I equation
v =   D
Dx Dy Dz

v = + +
x y z
= 0 + 4x +0
= 4x C/m3
(a) ( v )( −1,0,3) = 4 ( −1) = −4 C/m 2
(b) & (c)  =  v dv = Q enc

v
Electrostatics 1.27
1 1 1
=    4 x dx dy dz
x =0 y =0 z =0
1 1
=   4 x(1) dx dy
x =0 y =0
1
=  4 x(1) dx
x =0
1
 x2  4
= 4   = = 2C
 2 0 2
Problem: 1.19
2
Given the electric flux density D = 0.3r ar nC/m2, in free space. Find (a) E at
point (2, 250, 900)
(b) the total charge within the sphere r = 3
(c) the total electric flux leaving the sphere r = 4
Solution:
(a)
Given D = 0.3r 2 a r nC/m2
D 0.3r 2 ar
 E= =
0 8.854 10−12
0.3 (4 )
(E )( 2 , 250 , 900 )= −12
ar = 1.355  1011 ar  10 −9 = 135.5 ar V/m
8.854  10
(b) we know v =   D
1 (r 2 Dr ) 1 (sin  D ) 1 D
= + + =
r 2
r r sin   r sin  
0.3(4 ) r 3 = 1.2r
1
2
r
Also know Q =  v dv where dv = r sin d r d dr

v
= r2 sin d d dr
3  2
Q=    1.2r r sin  d d dr
2

r =0 =0 =0
3 
=   1.2 r 3 sin  (2 )d dr
r =0 =0
3
= 2.4  r 3 − cos 0 dr
r =0
3
 r4 
= 2.4 ( 2 )   = 305.4 nC
 4 0
4  2
Q=    1.2 r sin  d d dr
3
(c)
r =0 =0 =0
Upon simplifying, we get

Q= 965.09nC
Problem: 1.20
A charge distribution with spherical symmetry has density
 r
 0 , 0  r  R
v =  R Determine E everywhere
 0, rR
Solution:
Replace ‘a’ with ‘R’ in Fig:1.27, Then
Case I: Inside the sphere of radius ‘R’
The charge enclosed by the sphere of radius ‘r’ is Qenc =  v dv

v
Electrostatics 1.29
r
Qenc =  0 dv
v
R
2  r
r3
= 0  
 =0  =0
 R sin  d d dr
r =0
2 
0 r
R   
= d sin  d  r dr 3
=0 =0 r =0
4 r 4 0
=
4R
0
Qenc =  r4
R
The flux flowing through the spherical surface
 =  D . ds
s
As the flux density is normal to the surface it will have components only in ‘r’
direction.
 2
= Dr
  r sin  d d
2
 =0 =0
 = Dr 4 r2
According to Gauss’s law charge enclosed = flux flowing through the surface i.e.,
Qenc = 
0
 r 4 = Dr 4 r 2
R
0
Dr = r2
4R
0
D= r 2 ar and
4R
D 0 2
E= = r ar
0 4 R 0
Case II: outside the sphere of radius ‘R’
Charge enclosed by the sphere of radius ‘r’ is
Qenc =  v dv
v
r
Qenc =  0 dv
v
R
 2
0 R
=
R 
  
=0 =0 r =0
r 3 sin  d d dr
=  0 R 3
Flux flowing through the surface
 2
 = Dr   r sin  d d
2
 =0 =0
= Dr 4 r2
Qenc =  according to Gauss’s law
0  R3 = Dr 4 r2
0 R3
Dr =
4r 2
0 R3
D= ar and
4r 2
0 R3
E= ar
4r 2 0
*Problem: 1.21
A sphere of radius ‘a’ is filled with a uniform charge density of  v C/m3 .

Determine the electric field inside and outside the sphere.
Solution:
The answer is as derived in section “Uniformly charged sphere” case-I(inside the
sphere) and case-II(outside the sphere).
Problem: 1.22
A charge distribution in free space has v = 2r nC/m3 for 0 < r < 10m and ‘0’
otherwise. Determine E at r=2m and r=12m
Solution:
Replace ‘a’ with ‘10m’ in Fig:1.27, Then
Electrostatics 1.31
At r=2m:
The charge enclosed by the sphere of radius ‘2m’ is Qenc =  v dv
v
Qenc =  2rndv
v
2  2
= 2n    r 3 sin  d d dr
 =0  =0 r =0
= 32 nC
The flux flowing through the spherical surface
 =  D . ds
s
As the flux density is normal to the surface it will have components only in ‘r’
direction.
 2
= Dr
  r sin  d d
2
 =0 =0
= Dr 16
According to Gauss’s law charge enclosed = flux flowing through the surface i.e.,
Qenc = 
32 n= Dr 16
Dr = 2n
D = 2n ar and
D
E= = 226arV / m
0
At r=12m:
Charge enclosed by the sphere of radius ‘12m’ is

Qenc =  v dv
v
Qenc =  2rndv
v
 2 10
= 2n

  
=0 =0 r =0
r 3 sin  d d dr
= 20 C
Flux flowing through the surface
 2
 = Dr   r sin  d d
2
=0 =0
= Dr 4 122
Qenc =  according to Gauss’s law
20  = Dr 4 122
Dr = 0.0347
D = 0.0347  ar and
E = 3.92 ar kV / m
Problem: 1.23
Two point charges -4C and 5C are located at (2,-1,3) and (0,4,-2) respectively.
Find the potential at (1, 0, 1). Assuming ‘0’ potential at infinity.
Solution:
Q1 Q2
V= +
4 0 r − r1 4 0 r − r2
−4 10−6 5 10−6
V= +
4 0 (1, 0,1) − (2, −1,3) 4 0 (1, 0,1) − (0, 4, −2)
Simplifying, we get
V= -5.872KV
Problem:1.24
A point charge 3C is located at the origin in addition to the two charges of
previous problem. Find the potential at (-1, 5, 2). Assuming V() = 0.
Solution:
r - r1 = 1 + 25 + 4 = 5.478
r – r2 = 9 + 36 + 1 = 6.782
Electrostatics 1.33
r – r3 = 16 + 1 + 1 = 4.243
 3  10 3 − 4  10 3 5  10 3 
V = + + 9
 5.478 6.782 4.243 
= 10.23KV
Problem:1.25
A point charge of 5nC is located at the origin if V=2V at (0, 6, -8) find (a) the
potential at A (-3, 2, 6)
(b) the potential at B (1, 5, 7)
(c) the potential difference VAB
Solution:
Q  1 1
(a) VA − V =  − 
4 0  rA r 
rA = (-3, 2, 6) – (0, 0, 0)= 32 + 22 + 62 = 7
r = (0, 6, -8) – (0, 0, 0)= 0 + 62 + 82 = 10

5 10−9  1 1 
VA − 2 = −
10−9  7 10 
4 
36
VA=3.929 V.
Q  1 1
(b) VB − V =  − 
4 0  rB r 
rB=(1,5,7)-(0,0,0,)= 1 + 52 + 72 = 74
5 10−9  1 1 
VB − 2 = −9 
− 
10  74 10 
4 
36
VB=2.696 V.
(c)VAB = VB - VA=-1.233 V.
*Problem:1.26
A point of 5nC is located at (-3,4,0), while line y=1,z=1 carries uniform charge
2nC/m.
(a) If V=0V at O(0,0,0), find V at A(5,0,1).
(b) If V=100V at B(1,2,1), find V at C(-2,5,3).
(c) If V=-5V at O, find VBC.
Solution:
Let the potential at any point be
V=VQ +VL
Where VQ is potential due to point charge
Q
i.e. VQ =
4 0 r
by neglecting constant of integration
and VL is potential due to line charge distribution,
for infinite line, we have
L
E= a
2 0 
L
VL = −  E.dl = −  a .d  a
2 0 
L
VL = − ln 
2 0
by neglecting constant of integration.
Here ρ is the perpendicular distance from the line y=1, z=1(which is parallel to
the x-axis) to the field point.
Let the field point be (x,y,z), then
 = ( x, y, z) − ( x,1,1) = ( y −1)2 + ( z −1)2

L Q
V = − ln  +
2 0 4 0 r
by neglecting constant of integration.

Electrostatics 1.35
(a)
O = (0,0,0) − (0,1,1) = 2
 A = (5,0,1) − (5,1,1) = 1
rO = (0,0,0) − (−3, 4,0) = 5
rA = (5,0,1) − (−3, 4,0) = 9

L  Q Q
VO − VA = − ln O + L ln  A + −
2 0 2 0 4 0 rO 4 0 rA
L  Q 1 1
VO − VA = − ln O +  − 
2 0  A 4 0  rO rA 
2 10−9 2 5 10−9 1 1 
0 − VA = − ln +  5 − 9 
10−9 1 10−9
2  4 
36 36
1 1 
−VA = −36 ln 2 + 45  − 
5 9
VA = 36ln 2 + 4 = 8.477V
(b)
B = (1, 2,1) − (1,1,1) = 1
C = (−2,5,3) − (−2,1,1) = 20
rB = (1, 2,1) − (−3, 4, 0) = 21
rC = (−2,5,3) − (−3, 4, 0) = 11
L  Q 1 1
VC − VB = − ln C +  − 
2 0  B 4 0  rC rB 
21  1 1 
VC − 100 = −36 ln + 45  −
1  11 21 
VC − 100 = −50.175
VC = 49.825V
(c)
VBC = VC − VB = 49.825 − 100 = −50.175V
Problem: 1.27
10
Given the potential V = sin cos
r2
(a) Find the electric flux density D at (2,  / 2, 0)
(b) Calculate the work done in moving a 10mC charge from point A(1, 300, 1200) to
B(4, 900, 600)
Solution:
(a)
We have
E = −V
Since V is given in spherical co-ordinate system, consider V in spherical co-
ordinate system
v 1 v 1 v
E = − ar + a + a
r r  r sin  
 1 10 cos cos 1 10 sin  (− sin  ) 

( )
= − 10 − 2r −3 sin  cos  ar + 2
a +
r sin  r2
a 
 r r 
 10 cos  cos  −10sin  
= −  −20r −3 sin  cos  ar + a + a 
 
3
r r3
 20sin  cos  −10 cos  cos  10sin  

=  ar + a + a 
 
3 3
r r r3
=
10
r3
( 2sin  cos  ar − cos cos  a + sin  a )
D = E 0
8.825  10 −11
= 2 sin  cos  ar − cos cos  a + sin  a 
r3
Electrostatics 1.37
−11
8.825 10
= 2.1.1ar − 0 + 0
r3
D(2, 2 ,0) = 22.1 ar pC/m2
B
(b) Work done = − Q  E  dL = −Q(− V AB )

A
= Q (VB – VA)
10 1
VB = 1. = 0.3125v
16 2
10 1
VA = ( −0.5) = −5  0.5 = −2.5v
1 2
VB - VA = 2.8125V
W = 10-3 x 10 x (VB-VA) = 28.125mJ.
Problem:1.28
Given that E = ( 3x 2 + y ) ax + xa y kV / m . Find the work done in moving a –2C

charge from (0, 5, 0) to (2, -1, 0) by taking the path
(a) (0, 5, 0) →(2, 5, 0) → (2, -1, 0)
(b) y = 5-3x
Solution:
(a)
Line equation for (0, 5, 0) to (2, 5, 0) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x1 − x2 y1 − y 2 z1 − z 2
x −0 y −5 z −0
= =
0−2 5−5 0−0
y=5 z =0
dy = 0 dz = 0
( 2 , 5, 0 )
W1 = −QK  )((3x ) )
+ y a x + xa y (dx a x + dya y + dza z )
2
(0 , 5, 0
( 2 , 5, 0 )
= −QK  )(3x )
+ y dx + xdy
2
(0 , 5, 0
(2 )
 (3x )
−3
= 2  10 2
+ 5 dx + 0
( )
0
  x3 2 
= 2 10  3  + 5(2)
−3
  3 
 0 
= 36mJ
Line equation for (2, 5, 0) to (2, -1, 0)

x−2 y −5 z −0
Z=0 dz = 0 = =
2 − 2 5 +1 0 − 0
x=2 dx=0
(2, −1, 0 )
W2 = −QK  ) (3x )
+ y dx + xdy
2
( 2 , 5, 0
−1
W2 = −QK  2dy = −2Qk (− 1 − 5) = −24mJ
5
W=W1+W2=12mJ.
(b)
Line equation for (0, 5, 0) to (2, 5, 0) is y=5-3x

dy=-3dx
( 2, −1, 0 )
W = −QK  ) (3x )
+ y dx + xdy
2
(0 , 5, 0
2
W = 2 10−3  ( 3x 2
+ 5 − 3x ) dx − 3xdx =12mJ.
0
Problem:1.29
Electrostatics 1.39
An electric dipole located at the origin in free space has a moment
p = 3ax − 2a y + az nCm
(a) Find V at PA (2,3,4)
(b) Find V at r = 2.5,  = 300,  = 400
Solution:
(a) We have
1 r − r1
V= p.
r − r1
2
4 0 r − r1
r1 = (0, 0, 0)
r − r 1 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
(3ax − 2a y + az )  (2ax + 3a y + 4az )

V = 9 109 10−9
29 29
9  10 9  (4)
= = 0.235V
(29)3 / 2
(b) r = 2.5  = 300  =400
x = r sin  cos  = 0.958
y = r sin  sin  = 0.8035
z = r cos  = 2.165
upon simplifying we get
V= 1.97V
Problem:1.30
Three point charges –1nC, 4nC and 3nC are located at (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1) and (1, 0,
0) respectively. Find the energy in the system.
Solution:
WE = W 1 + W 2 + W 3
= 0 + Q2V21+ Q3(V31+V32)
Q1 Q3  Q1 Q2 
= Q2 . +  + 
4 0 r2 − r1 4 0  r3 − r1 r3 − r2 
1  QQ 
=  Q1Q2 + Q1Q3 + 2 3 
4 0  2 
1  12  −18
=  −4 − 3 +  .10
10−9  2
4 .
36
 12 
= 9 − 7  nJ = 13.37nJ
 2 
Problem:1.31
Point charges Q1 = 1nC, Q2 = -2nC, Q3 = 3nC and Q4 = -4nC are positioned one at a
time and in that order at (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, -1) and (0, 0, 1) respectively.
Calculate the energy in the system after each charge is positioned.
Solution:
Energy after Q1 is positioned is W1=0
W2=Q2V21 = Q2 .
Q1 −2 110−18 =-18nJ
=
4 0 r2 − r1 10−9
4 . (1, 0, 0) − (0, 0, 0)
36
Energy after Q2 is positioned W2 = W1+ W2 =-18nJ
Energy after Q3 is positioned
W3 = W2 +Q3(V32+V31) = −18nJ + 3 10  

−9
−2 10−9 110−9
+ 
10−9  (0, 0, −1) − (1, 0, 0) (0, 0, −1) − (0, 0, 0) 
4 .
36
=-29.18nJ
Energy after Q4 is positioned
W4 = W3 +Q4(V43+V42+V41)=-68.27nJ.
Problem: 1.32
If J =
1
(2 cos  a r + sin  a ) A/m2. Calculate the current passing through
r3
(a) Hemispherical shell of radius 20cm.
(b) A spherical shell of radius 20cm.
Solution:
Electrostatics 1.41
I =  J .ds
Since it is sphere ds = r 2 sin  d d ar

(a)  = 0 to 2 , = 0 to /2 and r=0.2m for hemispherical shell
2  / 2
I=  
1
3
(2 cos  ar + sin  a )  r 2 sin  d d ar
=0 =0 r
2  / 2
1
r =0 
= 2 cos  sin  d d
 =0
2  / 2
1
r =0 
= sin 2 d d
=0
2  /2
1  − cos 2 
= 
r  =0  2  d
0
1 2
= − ( −1 − 1)( 2 ) = = 10 = 31.4 A
2r 0.2
(b)  = 0 to 2 , = 0 to  and r=0.2m for spherical shell
2 
1
I=   sin 2 d d
r  =0  =0
2 
1  − cos 2 
=   d
r  =0  2  0
2
1
1 − 1 d = 0 A
2r =0
=−
Problem: 1.33
For the current density J = 10 z sin 2  a A/m2. Find the current through the
cylindrical surface  = 2, 1< z < 5 m .
Solution:
Since it is cylinder ds =  d dz a
We have
I =  J  ds
5 2
=   10 z sin  d dz
2
z =1 =0
5
= 10  
z =1
z (1 − cos  )
=754A
*Problem: 1.34
In a cylindrical conductor of radius 2mm, the current density varies with distance
from the axis according to J = 103 e−400r A / m2 . Find the total current I.
Solution:
Since it is cylinder ds =  d dz a
Here r=ρ=0.02m,  J = 103 e −400  a A / m 2
We know the total current I =  J .ds

s
2 z
  10 e
3 −400 
I =  d dz
= 0 z =0
I = 2 z103 e−400  
I = 4 ze−0.8 = z5.65 A
Problem:1.35
If the current density J = 1 (cos a + sin  a ) A / m 2 , find the current passing

2 r 
r
through a sphere of radius 1.0m.
Solution:
We know the total current I =  J .ds
s
Since it is spherical symmetry ds = r 2 sin  d d ar
r2
J .dS = cos sin  d d
r2
Electrostatics 1.43
 2
I=   cos sin d d
 =0  =0

I =   sin 2 d
0

 − cos 2 
=   = 0A
 2 0
Problem:1.36
Write Laplace’s equation in rectangular co-ordinates for two parallel planes of
infinite extent in the X and Y directions and separated by a distance ‘d’ in the Z-
direction. Determine the potential distribution and electric field strength in the
region between the planes.
Fig: 2.15
Solution:
2V = 0
 2V  2V  2V
+ + = 0 since the potential is constant in X and Y directions
x 2 y 2 z 2
V V  2V  2V
= = 2 = 2 =0
x y x y
 2V
=0
z 2
V
=A
z
V = Az + B
At Z =0 V = V1
V1 = 0 +B
At Z =d V = V2
V2 = Ad +B
V2=Ad+V1
V2 − V1
A=
d
The Potential distribution is V = V2 − V1 z + V1

d
The Electric field strength is
V V −V V −V
E = −V =− az = − 2 1 az = 1 2 az
z d d
*Problem:1.37
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric, mica filled
between plates.r of mica is 6. The plates of the capacitor are square in shape
with 0.254cm side. Separation between the two plates is, 0.254cm.
Solution:
A
We have C=
d
Here =0r = 8.854  10−12  6
8.854  10−12  6  0.254  0.254 10−4
C= = 0.1349 pF
0.254  10−2
*Problem:1.38
A parallel plate capacitance has 500mm side plates of square shape separated by
10mm distance. A sulphur slab of 6mm thickness with r = 4 is kept on the
lower plate find the capacitance of the set-up. If a voltage of 100volts is applied
across the capacitor, calculate the voltages at both the regions of the capacitor
between the plates.
Solution:
Given Area of parallel plates, A=500mmX500mm=500X500X10-6 m2.
Distance of separation d=10mm=10X10-3m.
Thickness of sulphur slab d2=6mm=6X10-3m.
Relative permittivity of sulphur slab r = 4 .

Voltage applied across the capacitor V=100v.
Electrostatics 1.45
Here the capacitor has two dielectric media,
One medium is the sulphur slab of thickness (d 2)6mm,
since the distance between the plates(d) is 10mm
The remaining distance is air d1 = d − d 2 =4mm.

 the other dielectric medium is air with thickness( d1 ) 4mm.
The capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor with two dielectric media is
0 A
C= F
 d1 d 2 
 + 
 r1 r2 
Here r1 (air)=1, r2 =r = 4
8.854  10−12  500  500  10−6
C= = 0.402nF
 4  10−3 6  10−3 
 1 + 4 
 
The charge Q=CV=0.402X10-9X100=4.02x10-8 C
The value of capacitance(C1) in delectric-1 i.e., air is

−12 −6
0 A 8.854  10  500  500  10
C1 = = = 0.55nF
d1 4  10−3
Similarly, The value of capacitance(C2) in delectric-2 i.e., sulphur is
 A 4  8.854  10−12  500  500  10−6

C2 = = = 1.48nF
d2 6  10−3
We have V=V1+V2
Where V1 is the voltage at the region of the capacitor plate near dielectric-1 i.e., air.
And V2 is the voltage at the region of the capacitor plate near dielectric-2 i.e.,
sulphur.
V1 =
Q1 Q 4.02  10−8
= = = 73.1V V2=100-73.1=26.9V.
C1 C1 0.55  10−9
UNIT 2 STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
Problem:2.1
Find H at (0, 0, 5) due to side OA and side OB of the triangular current loop shown
in Fig:2.3.
Fig: 2.3
Solution:
Magnetic field intensity due to OA
Idl  R where R = (0, 0, 5) – (x, 0, 0)

dH OA =
4 R3
= − x ax + 5az
dl = dx a x
10dx ax  ( − xax + 5az )
dH OA =
4 ( x 2 + 52 )
3/2
10 ( −5dxa y )
dH OA =
4 ( x 2 + 52 )
3/2
2
50a y
H OA = −  dx
4 ( x + 25 )
2 3/2
0
2
− 50  x 25 

=
( )
ay
4  2 1/ 2 
 x + 25 0
−50 1 2
= ay
4 25 (29)1 / 2
= −59.1 a y mA/m
Magnetic field intensity due to OB

R = (0, 0, 5) – (1, 1, z) = −ax − ay + ( 5 − z ) az
dl = dz a z
(10 ) dz az  ( −ax − a y + ( 5 − z ) az )
dH OB = 3/2
4  2 + ( 5 − z ) 
2
 
(10 ) ( −a y dz + ax dz )
= 3/2
4  2 + ( 5 − z ) 
2
 
10
0
( −a dz + a dz )
H OB = 
y x
4  2 + ( 5 − z )2 
3/2
 
2
0
=
10
( − a y + ax )  dz
4 2 ( 2 + (5 − z ) ) 2 3/2
0
 
 (5 − z ) / 2 
=
10
( a y − ax )  2 1/2 
4
(
 2 + ( 5 − z )  ) 2
 
=
5
(
 5
a y − ax )  −
5− 2 ( ) 
1/2 
4  27 2 + 5 − 2
 ( ( ))
2


=
5
4
( a y − ax ) ( 0.9623 − 0.9303) = −12.73ax + 12.73a y mA / m
*Problem:2.2
Show that the magnetic field due to a finite current element along Z-axis at point
‘P’, ‘r’ distance away along Y-axis is given by H = ( I / 4 r )(sin 1 − sin  2 )a
where I is the current through the conductor, 1 and 2 are the angles made by
the tips of the conductor at ‘P’.
Solution:
Consider Fig:2.4,
Magnetostatics 2.3
Fig: 2.4
From Fig:2.4 , R = r a − z a z
and dl = dz a z
I dz az  ( r a − z az )
dH =
4 ( r 2 + z 2 )
3/2
I dz r a − 0
dH =
4 ( r 2 + z 2 )
3/2
z
From Fig:2.4, Tan =
r
 z = rTan
dz = rsec 2 d
I r a ( rsec 2 d )
dH =
4 ( r 2 + r 2Tan 2 )
3/2
I r 2 sec 2 a d
=
4 r 3 sec 3
I a d
=
4 rsec
1
I a
4 r 2
H= cos  d
I a
sin  
1
=
4 r 2
I a
= ( sin 1 − sin  2 )
4 r
I a
H= ( sin 1 − sin  2 )
4 r
*Problem:2.3
Derive an expression for magnetic field strength H, due to a current carrying

conductor of finite length placed along the Y-axis, at a point P in X-Z plane and ‘r’
distance from the origin. Hence deduce expressions for H due to semi-infinite
length of the conductor.
Solution:
Fig: 2.5
The geometry of the given problem is shown in Fig: 2.5 with the finite length(y1
m)current carrying conductor lying along Y-axis.
Since the point P lies in the XZ plane, for all values of X and Z the line (OP=r)
makes 900 with Y-axis
Where r = xax + zaz

The above figure can be modified as shown in Fig:2.6
Magnetostatics 2.5
Fig: 2.6
From Fig:2.5, R = ( x,0, z ) − (0, y,0)

R = xax − ya y + zaz
r 2 = x2 + z 2
Consider a small differential current element Idl along Y-axis
According to Biot-Savart’s law dH =

Idl  R
4 R3
Here dl = dya y
Idya y  ( xax + zaz − ya y )
dH =
4 ( x 2 + z 2 + y 2 )
3/2
Idy
dH = ( zax − xaz )
4 ( r + y 2 )
2 3/2
Integrating w.r.t. y from y=0 to y1, we get total magnetic field strength
y1
Idy
H =  ( zax − xaz )
4 ( r 2 + y 2 )
3/2
y =0
I ( zax − xaz ) y1
dy
= 
4 (r + y2 )
2 3/2
y =0
y1
I ( zax − xaz )  y / r 2  dx x / a2
=    =
4 (a + x2 )
3/2
 r 2 + y 2  0 2
a2 + x2
I
H= ( zax − xaz )
r2
4 r 2
+1
y12
For a semi-infinite length conductor, y1=
I I
H = ( zax − xaz ) = ( zax − xaz )
4 r 2
0 +1 4 r 2
Problem:2.4
Find H at (-3, 4, 0) due to the current filament shown in Fig:2.7
Fig: 2.7
Solution:
For the element along X-axis is
R = (-3, 4, 0) – (x, 0, 0)
dl = dx a x

3 dx ax  ( −3 − x ) ax + 4a y 
Hx =  3/2
4 ( −3 − x ) + 16 
2
0
 

 16 + (− 3 − x) 
3 dx
= 4a z
4 2 3/ 2
0
 16 + (3 + x) 
3 dx
= az
 2 3/ 2
0

3a  (3 + x ) / 16 
= z

  16 + (3 + x )2 1 / 2 
 0 
3az   3 
= 1 −  5   = 23.88a z mA / m
16   
For the element along Z-axis is
R = (-3, 4, 0) – (0, 0, z)
Magnetostatics 2.7
dl = dz a z
0 3 dz az  ( −3ax + 4a y − Zaz )

Hz =  3/2
 4 9 + 16 + z 2 
3

( 3a + 4a ) dz
=  25 + z
y x
4 0 ( ) 2 3/2
3 ( 3a y + 4ax )  dz
= 
4 0 ( 25 + z )2 3/2

3 ( 3a y + 4ax )  z / 25 
=  
4  ( 25 + z 2 )1/2 
 0
3 ( 3a y + 4ax )
= (1 − 0 ) = 38.2a x + 28.65a y mA / m
100
H = H x + H z = 38.2a x + 28.65a y + 23.88a z mA / m
Problem:2.5
The +Ve Y-axis (semi infinite line w.r.t origin) carries a filamentary current of 2A in
the − a y direction. Find H at (a) A(2, 3, 0) (b) B(3, 12, -4).
Solution:
(a) R = (2, 3, 0) – (0, y, 0)
dl = dy a y
Since 2A is along − a y , limits are  to 0.
0 2 dy a y  ( 2ax + (3 − y )a y )

HA =  3/2
 4  4 + (3 − y)2 

az dy
HA =
  4 + (3 − y) 2 3/2

0


 
az  (3 − y ) / 4 
=−
   4 + (3 − y ) 2 1/2 
  0
az  3 
=−  −1 −  = 145.8az mA / m
4  13 
(b) R = (3, 12, -4) – (0, y, 0)

0 2dy a y  3ax + (12 − y ) a y − 4a z 
 HB =
  4  25 + (12 − y )2 
3/2

6az + 8ax dy
HB =
4  25 + (12 − y) 2 3/2

0


 
6a + 8ax  (12 − y ) / 25 
=− z
4   25 + (12 − y ) 2 1/2 
  0
6az + 8ax  12 
=−  −1 −  = 48.97a x + 36.73a z mA / m
100  13 
Problem:2.6
Show that the magnetic field intensity H at (0, 0, h) due to a circle which lies on XY
plane with radius ‘’ carries a current I as
I  2 az
H= 3/2
2   2 + h 2 
Solution:
Consider the circular loop shown in Fig:2.8
P(r , ,  )
Magnetostatics 2.9
From Fig:2.8 R = −  a + haz
and dl =  d a
Idl  R
We have dH = 4 R3
I  d a  (−  a + haz )
dH =
4 (  2 + h2 )3/2
I  d (  az + ha )
dH =
4 (  2 + h2 )3/2
due to symmetry of circle the components in  direction will get cancelled.
I  2 d a z
dH =
4 (  2 + h2 )3/2
Integrating
2  
I  2 a z d 
H=  
( + h ) 
4 0
2 2 3/2 
I  2 az
H= 3/2
2   2 + h 2 
Problem:2.7
A circular loop located on x2+y2 =9, z=0 carries a direct current of 10A along a
direction. Determine H at (0, 0, 4) and (0, 0, -4).
Solution:
Here  = 3 , h=4 and I=10A
2
10 32
H =
4 ( 32 + 42 )3/2
az  d
0
= 0.36a z A/m
Similarly H (0,0, −4) = H (0,0,4) = 0.36a z A / m

*Problem:2.8
Find the field at the centre of a circular loop of radius ‘a’, carrying current I along 
direction in Z=0 plane.
Solution:
I  2 az
We have H= 3/2
2   2 + h 2 
Here =a, and h=0

2
I a 2 d a z I az
H=

 =0 4  a 2 + 0 
3/2
=
2a
A/m
Problem:2.9
A thin ring of radius 5cm is placed on plane z=1cm so that its center is at (0, 0,
1 cm). If the ring carries 50mA along a . Find H at
(a) (0, 0, -1cm) (b) (0, 0, 10cm)
Solution:
(a) Here =5cm, h=2cm and I=50mA
I  2 az
We have H= 3/2
2   2 + h 2 
50  10−3 (5  10−2 )2 az
H= 3/2
2 (5  10−2 )2 + (2  10−2 )2 
125 az
H=
2 29
3/2
H = 400a z mA / m
(b) Here =5cm, h=9cm and I=50mA
I  2 az
We have H= 3/2
2   2 + h 2 
Magnetostatics 2.11
−3 −2 2
50  10 (5  10 ) az
H= 3/2
2 (5  10−2 )2 + (9  10−2 )2 
125 az
H=
2 106
3/2
H = 57.3a z mA / m
Problem:2.10
A square conducting loop 2a m on each side carries a current of I amp.
Calculate the magnetic field intensity at the center of the loop.
Solution:
Consider a square loop with each side 2a m as shown in the Fig:2.9.
Fig:2.9 A square loop

We need to find magnetic field intensity at (0,0) due to elemental current
flowing in one side of square loop at (a,y)
According to Biot Savart’s law, we have
Idl  R
dH =
4 R3
From Fig.2.9, dl = dya y
R = (0,0) − (a, y) = −aax − yay

Idya y  (−aax − ya y )
 dH oneside =
4 (a 2 + y 2 )3/2
Iadyaz
 dH oneside =
4 (a 2 + y 2 )3/2
a
Iadyaz
H oneside = 
−a
4 (a 2 + y 2 )3/2
a
Ia dy
4 −a (a 2 + y 2 )3/2
H oneside = az
a
Ia  y / a 2 
=
4  (a 2 + y 2 )1/2  − a
H oneside az
Ia  a a 
H oneside = +
4 a 2  (a 2 + a 2 )1/2 (a 2 + a 2 )1/2 
az
I  1 1 
H oneside = az  +
4 a  2 2 
I 2
H oneside = az
4 a
Magnetic field intensity at (0,0) due to four sides is
4I 2
H = 4 H oneside = az
4 a
I 2
H= a
a z
Problem:2.11
A square conducting loop 3cm on each side carries a current of 10A. Calculate
the magnetic field intensity at the center of the loop.
Solution:
I 2
We have H = a
a z
Here a=1.5x10-2m and I=10A
10 2
H = az = 300.105az A / m
 1.5 10−2
Problem:2.12
Magnetostatics 2.13
Planes z=0 and z=4 carry current K = −10a x A/m and K = 10a x A/m respectively.
Determine H at (a) (1, 1, 1) (b) (0, -3, 10)
Solution:
Fig: 2.13
(a)
1
We have H= K  an
2
here K = −10ax A / m on Z=0 plane and Since point (1,1,1) is lying above the
plane Z=0, an = az
1
 H0 = ( −10) a x  a z
2
= −5(−a y )
= 5 ay
here K = 10a x A / m on Z=4 plane and Since point (1,1,1) is lying below the plane
Z=4, an = −az
( )
1
 H4 = 10 a x  − a z
2
= −5(−a y )
= 5 ay
H = H 0 + H 4 = 10 a y A / m
(b)
1
We have H= K  an
2
here K = −10ax A / m on Z=0 plane and Since point (0,-3,10) is lying above the
plane Z=0, an = az
1
 H 0 = (−10ax )  az
2
= −5(−a y )
= 5 ay
here K = 10a x A / m on Z=4 plane and Since point (0,-3,10) is lying above the
plane Z=4, an = az
1
 H 4 = 10ax  az
2
= 5(− a y )
= −5 a y
H = H 0 + H 4 = 5a y − 5a y = 0
Problem:2.13
Plane Y = 1 carries current K = 50a z mA/m. Find H at (a) (0, 0, 0) (b) (1, 5, -3)
Fig:2.14
Solution:
(a)
Magnetostatics 2.15
here K = 50az mA / m on Y=1 plane and Since point (0,0,0) is lying below the
plane Y=1, an = − a y
1
 H = 50az  (− a y )
2
= −25 ( −ax )
= 25 ax mA/m
(b)
here K = 50az mA / m on Y=1 plane and Since point (1,5,-3) is lying above the
plane Y=1, an = a y
1
H= 50 a z  ay
2
= 25 ( −ax )
= −25 ax mA/m
*Problem:2.14
A long coaxial cable has an inner conductor carrying a current of 1mA along +ve Z
direction, its axis coinciding with Z-axis. Its inner conductor diameter is 6mm. If its
outer conductor has an inside diameter of 12mm and thickness of 2mm, determine
H at (0,0,0), (0,4.5mm,0) and (0,1cm,0). (No derivations).
Solution:
As per the derivations in the section “Infinitely long co-axial transmission line”
Given I=1mA, a=3mm,b=6mm and t=2mm.
Let the given points be P1(0,0,0), P2(0,4.5mm,0) and P3(0,1cm,0).
Given points are in rectangular coordinate system   = x2 + y 2

For P1, =0, i.e.<a, Hence case(i) formula from the section “Infinitely long co-
axial transmission line”
I
H= a = 0 A / m
2 a 2
For P2, =4.5mm, i.e a<<b, Hence case(ii) formula from the section “Infinitely
long co-axial transmission line”
I 110−3
H= a = a = 0.03537a A / m
2  2  4.5 10−3
For P3, =1cm=10mm, i.e. >b+t, Hence case(iv) formula from the section
“Infinitely long co-axial transmission line”
H = 0A / m
Problem:2.15
A solenoid of length ‘l’ and radius ‘a’ consists of ‘N’ turns of wire carrying current ‘I’.
N
Show that at point p along it’s axis H =
nI
(cos  2 − cos 1 )a z where n= , 1, 2 are
2 l
the angles subtended at ‘p’ by the end turns as illustrated in Fig:2.15. Also Show
that if l >>a at the center of the solenoid H = nI a z
Fig: 2.15 cross section of a solenoid

Solution:
We know the elemental magnetic field intensity dHz due to one turn (circle) at point
I a 2 d
p is dH z =
( )
3/ 2
az
4 a 2 + z 2
I a2
Hz = a z which is the magnetic field intensity at point ‘p’ due to one
(
2 a2 + z2 )
3/ 2
turn. As the solenoid contains ‘N’ number of turns by considering the

elemental length dl, the elemental magnetic field intensity due to a solenoid of
length ‘L’ and having ‘N’ number of turns at point ‘P’ is
I a 2 dl a z
dH z =
(
2 a2 + z2 )
3/ 2
Magnetostatics 2.17
N
where dl = ndz = dz
l
a
from Fig:2.15 Tan =
z
z = a cot 
dz = -a cosec2 d
dH z =
(
I a 2 n − a cos ec 2 d )a
(
2 a + a cot 
2
) 2 2 3/ 2 z
I a n(− a cos ec  d )
2 2
= a z
2 a cos ec 
3 3
nI
=− sin  d a z
2
1

nI
Hz = − sin  d a z
2
2
=−
nI
(cos 1 − cos  2 )a z
2
=
nI
(cos  2 − cos 1 ) a z
2
At the center of the solenoid we can write

l/2
cos  2 = = − cos 1
a 2 + (l / 2)2
as l >>a
nI
Hz = 2 cos  2 a z
2
l/2
= nI az
a 2 + (l / 2 )2
l/2
= nI a z = nI a z
l/2
Problem:2.16
A Toroid whose dimensions are shown in Fig:2.16 has ‘N’ turns and carries current
I. Determine H inside and outside the Toroid.
Fig: 2.16 a toroid with a circular cross section

Solution:
Inside the toroid consider the closed path L 1, According to Ampere’s circuit law
 H  dl
L1
= Ienc
 H  2  = nI
nI
H =
2
nI
H= a
2
outside the Toroid  H  dl

L
= Ienc
= nI - nI
 H = 0  H = 0
NOTE: By bending a solenoid in to a form of circle we get a toroid.
*Problem:2.17
A long straight conductor with radius ‘a’ has a magnetic field strength H = Ir
a
2 a 2
I
within the conductor (r<a) and H= a outside the conductor (r>a). Find the
2 r
current density J in both the regions(r<a and r>a).
Magnetostatics 2.19
Solution:
we have J =  H
Ir
Given H= a within the conductor (r<a)
2 a 2
Which has cylindrical symmetry, here =r,
ar ra az
1   
J =  H =
r r  z
Hr rH  Hz
az =
I
ar ra az A / m 2
1   
 a2
=
r r  z
Ir
0 r 0
2 a 2
I
And also given H= a outside the conductor (r>a)
2 r
ar ra az
1   
J = = 0 A / m2
r r  z
I
0 r 0
2 r
*Problem:2.18
A conducting plane at y=1 carries a surface current of 10 a z mA/m. Find H and B

at(a) (0,0,0) and (b) (2,2,2).
Solution:
(a)
1
We have H= K  an
2
here K = 10az mA / m .
Since the point (0,0,0) is lying below the plane Y=1, an = − a y

1
 H = 10az  (−a y )
2
= −5 ( −ax )
= 5 a x mA/m
B = 0 H = 4 10−7  5ax = 62.83 10−10 axT
(b)
1
We have H= K  an
2
here K = 10az mA / m .
Since the point (2,2,2) is lying above the plane Y=1, an = a y
1
 H = 10az  a y
2
= 5 ( − ax )
= −5 ax mA/m
B = 0 H = 4 10−7  −5ax = −62.83 10−10 axT
*Problem:2.19
An infinitely long straight conducting rod of radius ‘a’ carries a current of I in +ve
Z-direction. Using Ampere’s Circuital Law, find H in all regions and sketch the
variation of H as a function of radial distance. If I=3mA and a=2cm, find H and B
at (0,1cm,0) and (0,4cm,0).
Solution:
Consider cylindrical co-ordinate system
Case(i): inside the conductor(<a)
According to Ampere’s circuit law
 H  dl
L
= I enc =  J  ds
s
Magnetostatics 2.21
2
 H  dl =  H a   d a = H 2
L 0
J of the internal conductor is I

a z and ds = d d az
 a2
I enc =  J  ds
s
I
=  a . d d  az
 a2 z
2 
I
=  
0 0
 a2
 d d 

I 2 I   2  I  2
=   ( 2 ) d  =  =
 a2 0
 a2  2  a2
I 2
 2 H  =
a2
I I
H = H = a
a 2
2
2 a 2
Case(ii): outside the conductor(>a)

According to Ampere’s circuit law
 H  dl
L
= I enc
2
 
0
H  a . d a = I enc
2 H  = I
I
H =
2
I
H= a
2 
Given points let be P1(0,1cm,0) and P2(0,4cm,0)
For P1 radial distance  = 02 + 12 + 02 = 1cm

Also given a=2cm and I=3mA i.e. <a (inside the conductor)
I 3 10−3 110−2
H = a =
2 
a = 0.0119a A / m and B = 0 H
2 a 2 (2 10−2 ) 2
 B = 4  10−7  0.0119a = 0.15  10−7 a T

For P2 radial distance  = 02 + 42 + 02 = 4cm
Here >a (outside the conductor)
3  10−3
a = 0.0119a A / m and B = 0 H
I
H = a = −2 
2  2  4  10
 B = 4  10−7  0.0119a = 0.15  10−7 a T

Sketch of H :
I
We have H = for   a i.e. H  
2 a 2
for   a i.e. H  1/ 
And I
H =
2 
Fig: 2.18
*Problem:2.20
Determine the magnetic flux, for the surface described by
(a) =1m., 0     / 2, 0  z  2m
(b) a sphere of radius 2m.

1
If the magnetic field is of the form H = cos  a A / m

Solution:
 
We have magnetic flux  = B.ds = 0 H .ds
s s
(a) here ds =  d dza (cylindrical symmetry)

Magnetostatics 2.23
2  /2
1
 = 0  cos  a . d dza = 0  dz  cos  d = 20 = 25.13 10−7Wb
s
 z =0  =0
(b) here ds = r sin  d d ar (spherical symmetry)

2
 2
1
 = 0  cos  ar .r 2 sin  d d ar = 0 r  sin  d  cos  d = 0Wb
s
r  =0  =0
*Problem:2.21
In a conducting medium H = y 2 zax + 2( x + 1) yzay − ( x + 1) z 2az A / m . Find the

current density at (1,0,-3) and calculate the current passing through Y=1 plane,
0  x  1, 0  z  1.
Solution:
We have current density J =   H
ax ay az ax ay az
     
J = =
x y z x y z
Hx Hy Hz y2 z 2( x + 1) yz −( x + 1) z 2
J = −2( x + 1) yax + ( z 2 + y 2 )ay A / m2
J (1,0,−3) = 9ay A / m2
Current is I =  J .ds , here ds = dxdza y

s
1 1
 I =  ( −2( x + 1) yax + ( z 2 + y 2 )a y ) .dxdza y =  dx  (z
2
+ y 2 )dz = 1.33 A
s x =0 z =0
Problem:2.22
Find the flux density at the center of a square loop of 10 turns carrying a
current of 10A. The loop is in air and has a side of 2m.
Solution:
I 2
We have H = a
a z
 magnetic flux density is B = 0 I 2 az

a
Here no. of turns N=10
Total current I=N X current in each turn

I=10 X 10=100A
And a=1m
0100 2
B = az
 1
4 10−7 100 2
B = az = 56.569 azTesla
 1
Problem:2.22
− 2
Given the magnetic vector potential A = a z Wb/m. Calculate the total
4

magnetic flux crossing the surface = , 1 <<2m, 0<z<5m.
2
Solution:
We have
a  a aZ
1   
 A =
   z
A  A AZ
a  a aZ
1   
 A =
   z
2
0 0 −
4
1   − 2  
=  a ( 0 ) −  a   + 0
  
  4  
1  1  
=  −  a  − 2   = a
  4  2
 is constant and ,  and z are varying, ds = d  dza
The magnetic flux crossing the surface is  =  (  A ) ds

S
2 5

=

 
=1 z = 0
2
d  dz
= 3.75 Wb
Magnetostatics 2.25
Problem:2.23
A current distribution gives rise to the vector magnetic potential

A = x y a x + y xa y − 4 xyz a z Wb/m.
2 2
Calculate (a) B at (− 1, 2, 5) (b) The flux
through the surface defined by Z=1, 0 < x < 1, -1<y<4.
Solution:
(a)
ax ay az
  
B =  A =
x y z
x2 y y 2 x − 4 xyz
B = a x ( −4 xz − 0 ) − a y ( −4 yz − 0 ) + a z y − x ( 2 2
)
B = −4 xza x + 4 yza y + y − x ( 2 2
)a z
B = 20 a x + 40 a y + 3 a z Wb/m2
( −1,2,5)
(b)
Here ds = dx dy az
=
   A  ds
S
1 4
=   ( −4 xza ( ) a )  dxdya
2 2
x + 4 yza y + y − x z z
x =0 y =−1
1 4
=   (y )
2 2
− x dxdy
x = 0 y =−1
4 1 4
 2 x3   2 1
= 
y =−1
 y x −  dy
 3 0
= 
y =−1
 y − 3  dy
1 3 1
64−4+1−1 = 20Wb
4
 =  y − y =
3  −1 3
Problem:2.24
A rectangular loop carrying current I2 is placed parallel to an infinitely long
filamentary wire carrying current I1 as shown in Fig.2.21. Show that the force
experienced by the loop is given by
0 I1I 2b  1 1 
F =−  −  a N
2  0 0 + a 
Solution:
Fig:2.21
Let F be the force on the loop
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
= I 2  dl2  B1
Where F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 are the forces exerted on sides of the loop.

0 I
We know for infinitely long wire B = a
2
To evaluate F1 , dl2 = dza z , z ranges from 0 to b, I=I1 and  = 0
b
0 I1
F1 = I 2  dl2  B1 = I 2  dza  a
20
z
z =0
0 I1 I 2b
 F1 = − a (attractive)
20
To evaluate F3 , dl2 = dza z , z ranges from b to 0, I=I1 and  = 0 + a

0
0 I1
F3 = I 2  dl2  B1 = I 2  dza  a
2 ( 0 + a)
z
z =b
Magnetostatics 2.27
0 I1 I 2b
 F3 = a (repulsive)
2 ( 0 + a)
To evaluate F2 , dl2 = d  a ,  ranges from  0 to 0 + a , I=I1 and  = 

0 + a
0 I1
F2 = I 2 
 
=
d  a 
2
a
0
0 I1I 2  0 + a 
 F2 = ln   az ( parallel )
2  0 
To evaluate F4 , dl2 = d  a ,  ranges from 0 + a to  0 , I=I1 and  = 
0
0 I1
F4 = I 2 
 
=
d  a 
2
a
0 +a
0 I1I 2  0 + a 
 F4 = − ln   az ( parallel )
2   0 
Then the total force F on the loop is
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
0 I1I 2b  1 1 
F =−  −  a N
2  0 0 + a 
and
Fw = − F
Problem:2.25
A charged particle of mass 2kg and 1C starts at origin with velocity 3 a y m/s and
travels in a region of uniform magnetic field B = 10 a z Wb/m2 at t=4sec.
Calculate (a) velocity and acceleration of particle (b) the magnetic force on it.
Solution:
(a)
We have
du
F =m = Qu  B
dt
Acceleration is
du Q
a= = u B
dt m
ax ay az
Hence d 1
(ux ax + u y a y + u z az ) = u x u y u z = 5(u y ax − u x a y )
dt 2
0 0 10
By equating components, we get
du x du y du z
= 5u y = −5u x = 0  u z = c0
dt , dt , dt
ux or u y an be eliminated in the above equations by taking second derivative of

one equation and utilizing the other. Thus
d 2u x du y
2
=5 = −25u x
dt dt
or
d 2u x
+ 25u x = 0
dt 2
Which is a linear differential equation whose solution is
ux = c1 cos5t + c2 sin 5t
du x
= 5u y = −5c1 sin 5t + 5c2 cos 5t
dt
or
u y = −c1 sin 5t + c2 cos 5t
Let us determine c0,c1 and c2 using initial conditions. At t=0, u = 3a y .
Hence,
u x = 0  0 = c1.1 + c2 .0  c1 = 0
u y = 3  3 = −c1.0 + c2 .1  c2 = 3
u z = 0  0 = c0
Substituting the values of c0,c1 and c2, gives velocity as
u = (u x , u y , u z ) = (3sin 5t ,3cos 5t , 0)
Hence, velocity at t=4sec is
Magnetostatics 2.29
u = (3sin 20,3cos 20, 0)
= 2.739ax + 1.224a y m/ s
du
Acceleration is a = = (15cos 5t , −15sin 5t , 0)
dt
Hence, acceleration at t=4sec is
a = 6.101ax −13.703ay m / s2
du
(b) F =m = ma = 12.2ax − 27.4a y N.
dt
Problem:2.26
A flux density of 0.05a y tesla in a material having magnetic susceptibility 2.5, find
magnetic field current density and magnetization.
Solution:
Given B = 0.05ay and  m = 2.5
Relative permiability r = 1 +  m = 1 + 2.5 = 3.5
Permiability of material  = 0 r = 4 10

−7
 3.5 = 4.398 10 −6 H/m
B 0.05a y
Magnetic field intensity H = = = 11368.8ay A/m
 4.398 10−6
ax ay az
  
Magnetic field current density J =   H = = 0 A/m2
x y z
0 11368.8 0
Magnetization M =  m H = 2.5  11368.8 a y = 28422 a y A/m
Problem:2.27
In a certain material,  m = 4.2 and H = 0.2 xay A/m. Determine: (a)  r , (b)  ,
(c) M ,(d) B ,(e) J , (f) J b .
Solution:
(a) r = 1 +  m = 1 + 4.2 = 5.2
(b)  = 0 r = 4 10
−7
 5.2 = 6.534 10 −6 H/m
(c) M = m H = 4.2(0.2 xay ) = 0.84 xay A/m
(d) B =  H = 6.534 10−6  0.2 xay = 1.307 xay  Wb/m2
ax ay az
  
(e) J =   H = = 0.2az A/m2
x y z
0 0.2 x 0
(f) J b =  m J = 4.2  0.2az = 0.84az A/m2
Problem:2.28
Determine the self inductance of a co-axial cable of inner radius ‘a’ and outer
radius ‘b’ and length of the co-axial cable is ‘l’.
Solution:
Assume inner conductor carries a current I in Z-direction and outer conductor
carries a current I in opposite direction as shown in Fig:2.26.
Fig: 2.26 (a) For finding Lin (b) For finding Lout
Inner Conductor:
I
We know for inner conductor H= a
2 a 2
Since it is a cylinder, we can use the cylindrical coordinate system to solve the
problem
Magnetostatics 2.31
We have
1
Wm =
2v  H 2 dv
1 I 2 2
Wm =   2 4  d  d dz
2 v 4 a
2
I 2 2
l a
1
Wm =     2 4  d  d dz
2 z =0  =0  =0 4 a
2
2W  l
1 a4
Lin = 2m = 2
I 4  
z =0  =0
a4 4
d dz
 l
Lin = 2 l =
4 2 8
Outer conductor:
I
We know for outer conductor H= a
2
2 2
 I 
l b
2W 2 1
Lout = 2m = 2       d  d dz
I I 2 z =0  = a  =0  2 
 b l b
Lout =  2  l ln = ln
4 2
a 2 a
The self inductance of co-axial cable is
l 1 b
L = Lin + Lout =  + ln 
2  4 a
UNIT 3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR TIME VARYING FIELDS
Problem:3.1
A conducting bar can slide freely over two conducting rails as shown in Fig:3.4.
Calculate the induced voltage in bar, if the bar is stationed at y=8cm and
( )
B = 4 cos 106 t az mWb/m2.
Fig: 3.4
Solution:
B
= −4sin (106 t )106 az mwb / m2 here ds = dx dy az
t
B
Vemf = −
t  ds
0.06 0.08
=−   − 4 106 sin (106 t ) dx dy
x =0 y =0
= 19.2 Sin 106 t V

*Problem:3.2
In figure let B = 0.2 cos120 t T , and assume that the conductor joining the two
ends of the resistor is perfect. It may be assumed that the magnetic field produced
by I(t) is negligible. Find (a) Vab(t) (b) I(t).
Fig: 3.5
Solution:
d
(a) We have Vemf = −
dt
d
Here Vab (t ) = Vemf = −
dt
 = Ba , where ‘a’ is the area of cross-section of the loop=  2
 = 0.2cos120 t    (15 10−2 )2 = 0.0141cos120 t
d d (0.0141cos120 t )
Hence Vab (t ) = − =− = 5.326sin120 tV
dt dt
(b) from Fig:3.5, I (t ) = Vba (t ) = −Vab (t ) = −5.326sin120 t = −0.0213sin120 tA

R R 250
*Problem:3.3
A circular loop conductor of radius 0.1m lies in the Z=0 plane and has a resistance
of 5 given B = 0.20sin10 taz T . Determine the current.

3
Solution:

We have = B.ds , here ds =  d d  az
s
2
2 sin103 t
0.1
 =  0.20sin103 taz . d d  az = 0.20sin103 t  d  d  =
s  =0  =0 103
d
We also have Vemf = −
dt
 2 sin103 t 
d 
103
Vemf =−   = −2 cos103 t V
dt
Vemf 2 cos103 t
The current in the loop I = = = 1.26 cos103 t A
R 5
*Problem:3.4
The electric field intensity in the region 0  x  5, 0  y   /12, 0  z  0.06m in free

space is given by E = c sin12 y sin az cos 2 10ta xV / m . Beginning with the   E
relationship, use Maxwell’s equations to find a numerical value for a, if it is known
that a is greater than ‘0’.
Solution:
Given E = c sin12 y sin az cos 2 10taxV / m for a>0
Maxwell’s Equations 3.3
ax ay az ax ay az
Consider      
 E = =
x y z x y z
Ex Ey Ez c sin12 y sin az cos 2 10t 0 0
 E = ac sin12 y cos az cos 2 10tay −12c cos12 y sin az cos 2 10taz

−B
We have  E =
t
−B
= ac sin12 y cos az cos 2 10ta y − 12c cos12 y sin az cos 2 10taz
t
Integrating
 −ac sin12 y cos az sin 2 10ta y 12c cos12 y sin az sin 2 10taz 
B = + 
 20 20 
But B = 0 H
 −ac sin12 y cos az sin 2 10ta y 12c cos12 y sin az sin 2 10taz 
H = + 
 200 200 
ax ay az ax ay az
     
 H = =
x y z x y z
Hx Hy Hz −ac sin12 y cos az sin 2 10t 12c cos12 y sin az sin 2 10t
0
200 200
 122 + a 2 
 H = −   c sin12 y sin az sin 2 10tax
 200 
But for free space( v = 0 ), we have  H = D =0 E

t t
 122 + a 2  (c sin12 y sin az cos 2 10t )ax
−  c sin12 y sin az sin 2 10tax =0
 20  0  t
 122 + a 2 
−  c sin12 y sin az sin 2 10tax = −20 0 c sin12 y sin az sin 2 10tax
 200 
 122 + a 2 
 = 20 0  12 + a = 20 0 0
2 2 2

 20  0 
a 2 = 202  8.854 10−12  4 10−7 − 122  a = j12
*Problem:3.5
A certain material has  = 0and R = 1 if H = 4sin(106 t − 0.01z)ay A / m make use of

Maxwell’s equations to find r .
Solution:
ax ay az ax ay az
     
 H = =
x y z x y z
Hx Hy Hz 0 4sin(106 t − 0.01z ) 0
[4sin(106 t − 0.01z )ax ]
 H = − = 0.04cos(106 t − 0.01z )ax
z
Since  = 0 , we have  H = D =0r E =0 E

t t t
1
E =  0.04 cos(106 t − 0.01z ) ax dt
0
0.04sin(106 t − 0.01z )ax
E=
106 0
ax ay az ax ay az
     
 E = =
x y z x y z
Ex Ey Ez 0.04sin(106 t − 0.01z )
0 0
106 0
4 10−4 cos(106 t − 0.01z)

 E = − ay
106  8.854  10−12
 E = −45.2cos(10 t − 0.01z)ay
6
−B H
We have  E = = −0 r
t t
H
−45.2cos(106 t − 0.01z )a y = − 0 r
t
45.2cos(106 t − 0.01z)ay = 4 106 0 r cos(106 t − 0.01z)ay
45.2 45.2
r = = = 8.99
4 10 0 4 10  4  10−7
6 6
Problems:3.6
Show that the displacement current through the capacitor is equal to the
conduction current.
Solution:
dv
We know the conduction current I = C . Assume that the capacitor plates are
dt
having area ‘A’ and are separated by a distance ‘d’ as shown in Fig:3.6,
Fig: 3.6
A
Then C=
d
A d
I= (Vm sin  t )
d dt
A
= Vm cos t
d
We have
D
JD =
t
ID
But J D =
A
I D D where D =E
=
A t
ID E V
= where E =
A t d
I D  V   
= = (Vm sin  t ) = Vm cos  t
A d t d t d
A
ID = Vm cos  t
d
 conduction current = displacement current

Problem:3.7
A parallel plate capacitor with plate area of 5cm2 and plate separation of 3mm has
a voltage 50 sin (103t)V applied to it’s plates. Calculate the displacement current
assuming = 20.
Solution:
A
ID = Vm cos  t
d
5 10 −4  2 0
= 50 103 cos 103 t
3 10 −3
= 103x16.65 0 cos 103t
= 16.650 cos 103t KA

= 147.4 cos 103t nA
Problem:3.8
A ‘Cu’ wire carries a conduction current of 1A at 60Hz. What is the displacement

current in the wire. For ‘Cu’ wire  = 0, =5.8x107 and  = 0.
Solution:
     2  60  8.854  10−12 
I D = IC   =1
    5.8  107 

= 575.2x10-19A
Problem:3.9
In free space E = 20 cos(t − 50x)a y V/m. Calculate J D .

Solution:
D =0 E = 20 0 cos (t − 50 x ) ay

D
JD = = −20 0 sin (t − 50 x ) a y A / m2
t
Problem:3.10
A two dimensional Electric field is given by E = x 2 a x + xa y v/m. Show that this

electric field can not arise from a static distribution of charge.
Solution:
For static Electric field, we have  E = 0
ax ay az
  
 E = = a x (0 − 0) − a y (0 − 0 ) + a z (1) = a z  0
x y z
x2 x 0
 The given E is not due to static distribution of charge
Problem:3.11
A conductor carries a steady current of ‘I’ amp. The components of current density
vector J are Jx = 2ax and Jy = 2ay. Find the third component Jz.
Solution:
Given steady current, that indicates static fields. For static fields, we have
 V
J = =0
t
  
 2ax + 2ay + J z = 0
x y z

 2a + 2a + Jz = 0
z

J z = −4a
z
Integrating, we get third component as
Jz = -4az +c, where c is constant of integration.
Problem:3.12
Do the fields E =Em sin x sin t ay

Em
H= cos x cos t az satisfy Maxwell’s equations.
0
Solution:
We have

 E = − B
t

  E = − 0 H
t
Assume the electromagnetic wave is traveling along X-direction, then the
components of E and H along X-direction will be zero. Variations along y and z
 
directions are zero i.e., and are zero.
y z
ax ay az

 E = 0 0 = az Em cos x sin t
x
0 Em sin x sin t 0

− 0 H = − Em cos x sin t a z
t

  E = − B
t
 E and H satisfy the Maxwell’s equations.
Problem:3.13
Find the frequency at which conduction current density and displacement current
density are equal in a medium with =2x10-4 / m and r = 81.
Solution:
We know
JD 
=
JC 
2 f  8.854 10−12  81
1=
2 10−4
f= 44.384KHz
Problem:3.14
Calculate the ratio JD/JC for ‘Al’ at frequencies of 50Hz and 50MHz ,given =105
/ m and r = 1.
Solution:
For f = 50Hz
J D 2 50  8.854 10 −12 1
=
JC 105
= 2.782x10-14.
And for f = 50MHz
= 2.782x10-8.
JD
JC
Problem:3.15
Two extensive homogeneous isotropic dielectrics meet on plane z=0. For z > 0,
r1 = 4 and for z < 0, r2 = 3 . A uniform electric field E1 = 5a x − 2a y + 3a z kv/m

exists for z > 0. Find (a) E 2 for z < 0 (b) the angles E1 and E 2 make with the
interface (c) the energy densities in J/m3 in both dielectrics (d) the energy with in a
cube of side 2m centered at (3, 4, -5).
Solution:
Consider the Fig:3.13.
Fig:3.13
Given E1 = 5ax − 2a y + 3az KV/m
We have
E1 = E1t + E1n , comparing the above two equations
The normal component is 3 a z
 E1n = 3az
E1t = E1 − E1n = 5a x − 2a y
We know E1t = E2t
 E2t = 5a x − 2a y
Also known 1 E1n =2 E 2n

 E2n = 4az
 E2 = E2t + E2n = 5ax − 2a y + 4az
(b) Consider the Fig:3.14.
Here 1= 90-1 and 2 = 90-2
Fig:3.14
E1t = E1 sin 1
E1t 5ax − 2a y 29
sin 1 = = =  1 = 60.880
E1 5ax − 2a y + 3az 38
1= 90-1 = 29.120
And E2t 29
sin  2 = =   2 = 53.40
E2 45
 2 = 36.60
(c) Energy density in first medium is
1 2
W1 = 1 E1
2
1
= 0r1 ( 38 )
2
= 672.9 J/m3
And Energy density in second medium is
W2 = 0r2 (45)
1
2
= 597.6 J/m3
(d) Given cube of side 2m centered at (3, 4, -5)
i.e., z = -5 < 0,We have to consider the second medium
Limits are 2 < x < 4
3<y<5
-6 < z < -4
The energy in a given cube is
w2 =  W2 dv where dv = dx dy dz
=  597.6 J / m 3 dx dy dz
V
= 4.776 mJ
*Problem:3.16
X-Z plane is a boundary between two dielectrics. Region y<0contains
dielectric material r = 2.5 while region y>0 has dielectric with r = 4.0 . If
1 2
E = −30ax + 50a y + 70az V / m , find normal and tangential components of the

E field on both sides of the boundary.
Solution:
Here y<0 is medium-1 and y>0 is medium-2
Assume given E belongs to medium-1
E = −30ax + 50a y + 70az V / m

x-z components are tangential and y component is normal
E1t = −30ax + 70az and E1n = 50a y
The boundary condition on tangential component of E is E1t = E2t
 E2t = −30ax + 70az V/m

The boundary condition on normal component of E is r1
E2 n = E1n
r2
2.5
 E2 n = 50a y = 31.25a y
4
*Problem:3.17
Region 1 ,for which r = 3 is defined by x<0 and region 2, x>0 has  r = 5 given
1 2
H1 = 4ax + 3ay + 6az A / m . Determine H 2 for x>0 and the angles that H1 and H 2
make with the interface.
Solution:
Fig:3.17
Given H1 = 4ax + 3ay + 6az A / m
We have
H1 = H1t + H1n , comparing the above two equations
The normal component is 4 ax

 H1n = 4ax
H1t = H1 − H1n = 3a y + 6az
We know H1t = H 2t
 H 2t = 3ay + 6az
Also known 1 H1n = 2 H 2 n
1  r 0 3
 H 2n = 4ax = 1
4ax = 4ax = 2.4ax
2  r 0
2
5
 H 2 = H 2t + H 2n = 2.4ax + 3ay + 6az
Here 1= 90-1 and 2 = 90-2
Fig:3.18
From Fig:3.18, H1t = H1 sin 1

H1t 3a y + 6az 45
sin 1 = = =  1 = 59.190
H1 4ax + 3a y + 6az 61
1= 90-1 = 30.80

H 2t 45
And sin  2 = =   2 = 70.3130
H2 50.76
 2 = 19.6860
UNIT 4 EM WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
Problem:4.1
An uniform plane wave with an intensity of electric field = 1v/m is traveling in free
space. Find the magnitude of associated magnetic field.
Solution:
Electric field intensity = 1v/m
E 0
The magnitude of the magnetic field is found by =
H 0
H = 2.6 mA/m
Problem:4.2
Show that electric and magnetic energy densities in a traveling plane wave are
equal.
Solution:
E 
=
H 
E2 
 =
H 2 
 E 2 = H 2
1 1
  E 2 = H 2
2 2
Energy density for electric field = energy density for magnetic field
Problem:4.3
For a uniform plane wave traveling in X-direction in free space Ey=10 sin (2 108 t –
x). Find the phase constant, phase velocity and equation for Hz if Ez =Hy=0.
Solution:
Given Ey=10 sin (2 108 t – x)
 = 2 108 ; 2=200=(2108)2 x 8.854x10-12 x 4x10-7
The Phase constant =2.096.

The Phase Velocity v =  = 2 10 = 2.99 108 m/s
8
 2.096
Ey
We have = 377
Hz
10
 Hz = sin(2 108 t −  x)
377
Problem:4.4
A plane wave traveling in +Ve X-direction in a loss less unbounded medium having
permeability 4.5 times that of free space and a permittivity twice that of free space.
(a) Find the phase velocity of the wave (b) If the electric field E has only a ‘y’
component with an amplitude of 20V/m. Find the amplitude and direction of
magnetic field intensity.
Solution:
1 1
(a) Phase velocity v = =
 4.5 0 2 0
= 1x108 m/s

(b) H z = E y = 0.0354 A / m , it’s direction is along ‘z’.

*Problem:4.5
A wave propagating in a lossless dielectric has the components
( )
E = 500 cos (10 t −  z ) ax V / m and H = 1.1cos 10 t − z a y A / m .
7 7
If the wave is traveling at v=0.5c. Where ‘c’ is the velocity in free space. Find (a) r
(b) r (c)  (d)  (e) Z .
Solution:
The wave is propagating along Z-direction, E is along x and H is along ‘y’

directions
E 500
(e) Z =  = intrinsic impedance = = = 454.5
H 1.1
(a) v = 0.5c
EM Wave Characteristics - I 4.3
1
V = 0.5
0 0
1 1
= 0.5
0  r 0r 0 0
1
= 0.5
 r r
1
 r r =   r r = 4
0.5
  r 0 r
z = 454.5 = = = ( 3.767 ) 10−10
 0r r
r
2
 454.5 
 = −10 
= 1.456 1024
r  3.767  10 
 r = 4 1.456 1024 = 2.41 1012
(b) r = 4 /1.456 1024 = 1.66  10−12


(c) given  = 107 , as 1 for low loss dielectric,

 =    = 107 8.854 10−12 1.66 10−12  4   10−7  2.41 1012 =0.0667
(d) Wavelength  = 2 = 2
= 94.2m
 0.0667
*Problem:4.6
Dry ground has a conductivity of 5x10-4 mhos/m and relative dielectric constant of
10 at a frequency of 500 MHz. Compute (i) the intrinsic impedance (ii) the
propagation constant (iii) the phase velocity.
Solution:
Given  = 5 10−4 mhos / m ,  r = 10 and f = 500MHz
 5 10−4
Loss tangent = = 0.0018
 10−9
2  50 10 10 6
36

i.e. → 0 , it is perfect dielectric medium


(i) intrinsic impedance  =

0  r
4 10−7
= = = 119.22
0r 10−9
10
36
(ii) the propagation constant  = j  
10−9
 = j 2  500 106 4 10−7  10 = j33.11
36
1
(iii) the phase velocity v p =

1
vp = = 94.868 106 m / s
−9
10
4 10−7  10
36
*Problem:4.7
Find  ,  ,  and  for ferrite at 10GHz.  r = 9, r = 4,  = 10mhos / m

Solution:
 10
Loss tangent = =2
 10−9
2 10 10  9 
9
36

i.e.  1 , it is a good conductor


=
2
2 10 109 10  4 10−7  4

= = 12.566 Np / m
2

 = = 12.566 rad / m
2
 =  + j
 = 12.566 + j12.566 m−1
 2 10 10  4 10  4 9 −7
= 450 = 450 = 177.71450 
 10
*Problem:4.8
A non magnetic medium has an intrinsic impedance of 24030  . Find its (i) Loss
0
tangent. (ii) Dielectric constant. (iii) Complex permittivity. (iv) Attenuation constant
at 1MHz.
Solution:
Given  = 240300 
i.e.  = 240 and  = 300
(i) we have

loss tangent = = tan 2 = tan(2  300 ) = 1.732

(ii) we have

 =  = 240
1/4
   2 
1 +   
    
0  r
0r
= 240
(1 + (1.732) ) 2 1/4
1 4 10−7
10−9
r 
36 = 240
(
1 + (1.732 ) )
2 1/4
84.853
= 240
r
Dielectric constant r = 1.2337
(iii) we have Complex permittivity
 j 
c = 1 −
  
10−9
c = 1.2337 1 − j1.732= (1.09 − j1.8893)  10
−11
F/m
36
*Problem:4.9
A lossy dielectric has an intrinsic impedance of 20030  at a particular radian

0
frequency  . If at that frequency the plane wave propagating through the dielectric
has the magnetic field component H = 10e− x cos(t − 0.5x)ay A / m . Find
E and  . Determine the skin depth and wave polarization.
Solution:
From the given H , we can say that wave travels along x-axis
We have ad = aE  aH
here ad = ax and aH = a y
 aE = − a z
Also we have
E
=
H
 E = H  = 10  200300 = 2000e j /6
E and H will have the same form except magnitude and phase
 E = −2000e− x cos(t − 0.5 x +  / 6)azV / m

From the above expression =0.5,  can be determined as
1/2
1  
2 
  
 =     1+   − 1 
2     
  
1/2
1  
2 
 
 =      1+  + 1 
2      
  
1/2
   
2 
 1+   − 1
     
= 

 1 +    + 1
2
   
  
But

= tan 2 = tan 600 = 3

  2 − 1
1/2
=
  2 + 1 
0.5
 = = 0.2887 Np / m
3
skin depth  = 1 = 2 3 = 3.464m

Since Electric field points along z-axis, the polarization of the wave is z-direction.
Problem:4.10
A plane wave of 16GHz frequency and E = 10V/m propagates through the body of
salt water having constants r=100, r=1 and =100 /m. Determine attenuation
constant, phase shift constant, phase velocity and intrinsic impedance of medium.
Solution:

= 1.12 > 1, it is a good conductor.


Attenuation constant  = = 2513.27
2
Phase shift constant  =  = 2513.27 .
Propagation constant  =  + j = 2513.27 + j 2513.27
= 3554.3 45o

Phase velocity V = = 40Mm / s

j
intrinsic impedance  = = 35.543 j

= 35.543450
Problem:4.11
Determine the propagation constant at 500KHz for a medium in which r = 1, r =
15,  = 0, at what velocity will an EM wave travel in this medium.
Solution:

=0 = Perfect dielectric

=0
=   = 0.041.
 =  + j = 0.041 90o
Wave travels with velocity v =
 = 76.624 M m/s

Problem:4.12
For silver the conductivity is  = 3x106 /m, at what frequency will the wave
travels, if the depth of penetration is 1mm.
2
Solution: =

2
110 −3 =
2f  4 10 −7  3 106
4
f = −16
= 84.4 K Hz
10  4 10 −7  3 106
Problem:4.13
In a medium E = 16 e − x /20 sin ( 2 108 t − 2 x ) az V/m. Find the direction of

propagation, propagation constant, wave length, speed of wave and skin depth.
Solution:
Direction of propagation is +Ve X-direction
 = 1/20, =2
 = 2 x 108
 =  + j  = 288.570
1
v= = 3 108 m / s

Skin depth  = 1 = 20

Problem:4.14
An EM wave propagated through a material r = 5, r = 10. Determine (a) Velocity
of propagation (b) Intrinsic impedance in free space and in material (c) wavelength
in free space and in material, when f = 1 G Hz.
Solution:
1 =42.4 M m/s.
(a) v=
0 r 0r
(b) Intrinsic impedance
in free space  = 0 = 4 10−7

= 377
0 8.854 10−12
in material 0  r 4 10−7  5
= = = 266.39
0r 8.854 10−12 10
(c) Wavelength
v0 3 108
in free space  = = = 3m
f 1108
v 42.4 106
in material = = = 0.424m
f 1108
Problem:4.15
A ‘Cu’ wire carries a conduction current of 1A. Determine the displacement current
in wire at 100M Hz. For ‘Cu’  = 5.8x107 /m and permittivity is same as that of
free space.
Solution:
ID  
=
Ic 
  1 2   100 106  8.854 10−12

 I D = 1A  =
 5.8 107
= 9.59 10−11 A
*Problem:4.16
A traveling wave has two linearly polarized components Ex = 2cos t and Ey = 3

 
cos  t + 
 2
(a) What is the axial ratio

(b) What is the tilt angle of the major axis of the polarization ellipse.
(c) What is the sense of rotation.
Solution:
(a) Ratio of major axis to minor axis = 3/2 = 1.5

(b) Tilt angle is the phase difference between Ex and Ey
 = 900
(c) Ex E  
= cos t , y = cos  t +  = − sin t
2 3  2
2
 Ex   E y 
2
, which is an equation for ellipse. Hence
  +   = cos t + sin t = 1
2 2
 2   3 
sense of rotation is an ellipse.
Problem:4.17
An EM wave traveling in free space incidents on a dielectric medium with relative
dielectric constant = 2 at an angle of 45o. Find the angle by which E tilts as the
wave crosses the boundary.
Solution:
1 = 0 = 8.854 x 10-12 Wb/m
2 = 0 r = 2x8.854 x 10-12 Wb/m
sin 1 2
=
sin  2 1
1
sin  2 = sin 1 = 0.5
2
2 = 300
Problem:4.18
Determine the critical angle for EM wave passing from glass r = 9 to air.
Solution:
2 1
 c = sin −1 = sin −1 = 19.470
1 9
Problem:4.19
The dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of pure water is 80.(a) Determine the
Brewster angle for parallel polarization and the corresponding angle of
transmission.(b) If a plane wave of perpendicular polarization impinges at this
angle, find the reflection and transmission coefficients.
Solution:
2
(a) 1= Brewster angle = Tan −1 = Tan −1 80 = 83.6210
1
1 1
sin  2 = sin 1 = sin 1  6.3790
2 80
(b)
 
cos 1 −  2  − sin 2 1
Er  1  = -0.978
=
Ei  
cos 1 +  2  − sin 2 1
 1 
Et E
= 1 + r = 1 − 0.978 = 0.02143
Ei Ei
Problem:4.20
Find the critical angle for the (a)glass (r =4), (b) Polythene (r = 2.25) and
(c)polystyrene (r = 2.52) to air surface.
Solution:
(a) Glass to air surface
2
 c = sin −1 = 300
1
−1 1
(b)  c = sin = 41.80
2.25
−1 1
(c)  c = sin = 39.0460
2.52
UNIT 5 TRANSMISSION LINES
*Problem:5.1
A coaxial line with an outer diameter of 5mm has 50ohm characteristic impedance.
If the dielectric constant is 1.60. Calculate the inner diameter.
Solution:
Given Z0=50 ohm, D=5mm, r=1.6
We have
1 
Z0 = log e ( D / d )
2 
1 0  r 1 4  10−7  1
50 = log e ( D / d ) = log e (8mm / d )
2 0r 2 8.854  10−12  1.6
1.0548 = log e (8mm / d )
e1.0548 = (8mm / d )
inner diameter d=2.788mm.
Problem:5.2
The characteristic impedance of a certain line is 510 -16o and the frequency is
1kHz. At this frequency the attenuation is 0.01 Nepere/km and the phase function
is 0.035 radians/km. Calculate the resistance, conductance, inductance and the
capacitance per km and velocity of propagation.
Solution:
Given Zo = 510 -16o ; f = 1KHz
 = 0.01 Nepere /Km  = 0.035 radians/km
  =  + j
= 0.01 + j 0.035
=0.036474.055o
We have

= G + jC
Zo
0.036474.055o
= G + jC
510 − 16o
 7.137x10-5 90.055o = G+jC
-6.851x10-8 + j7.137x10-5 = G+jC
Equating real part Conductance G = -6.851x10-8 /km
Equating imaginary part C = 7.137x10-5
7.137 10−5
Capacitance C= = 1.1359 10−8 F/km
2 103
We have Zo  =R+jL,
510 − 16o  0.036474.055o = R + j L
18.56458.055o = R + j L
9.822 + j15.753 = R + j L
Equating real part resistance R=9.822 Ω/km
Equating imaginary part L=15.753
15.753
L= = 2.507 10−3 H/km
2 10 3
and velocity o propagation is


Vp = = 179519.58 Km/h

Problem:5.3
An open wire Telephone line has R=10  /km, L=0.0035H/km, C=0.0053x 10-6
F/km and G=0.4x10-6 /km. Determine Zo,  and  at 1000Hz.
Solution:
We have series impedance Z = R + j L
Z = 10 + j 2 1000  0.0035 = 10 + j 21.99
= 24.15765.54o
and shunt admittance Y = G + jC
Y = 0.4 10−6 + j 2 1000  0.0053 10−6 = ( 0.4 + j33.3) 10−6
= 3.33 10−5 89.31o
Propagation constant  = ZY
(e )
1
 = 8.044 10 154.85 = 8.044 10

−4 −4 j154.85o
= 0.02836e j 77.425
o
o 2
= 0.0283677.425o
 = 6.174 10−3 + j 0.0277 =  + j 

Transmission Lines – I 5.3
 = 6.174 10 Nepere/Km and  =0.0277 radians/Km
−3
Z
The characteristic impedance Zo =
Y
24.15765.54o
Zo = −5
= 725435.43 − 23.77o
3.33 10 89.31 o
( )
1
Z o = 725435.43 e− j 23.77 = 851.725e− j11.89 = 851.725 − 11.89o

o o
2
Zo = 833.45 − j175.48 /Km
*Problem:5.4
At 5MHz the characteristic impedance of transmission line is (40-j2) ohm and the
propagation constant is (0.01+j0.15) per meter. Find the primary constants.
Solution:
Given f=5MHz, Z0=40-j2 ohm and  =0.01+j0.15 per meter

Z o = 40.05 − 2.86o and  = 0.1586.19o

We have Zo  =R+jL and = G + jC
Zo
R + j L = Z o = 40.05 − 2.86o  0.1586.19o = 683.33o
R + j L = 0.697 + j 5.96
Equating real and imaginary parts, the primary constants are
5.96
R=0.697 ohm/m and ωL=5.96 L= = 0.1897  H / m
2  5  10 6
 0.1586.19o
G + jC = = = 3.745  10−3 89.05o
Z o 40.05 − 2.86o
G + jC = 6.21 10−5 + j3.75 10−3
Equating real and imaginary parts, the primary constants are
G = 6.2110−5 /m and
3.75  10−3
C = 3.75  10 −3
C = = 119.37 pF / m
2  5  106
*Problem:5.5
A telephone wire 20m long has the following constants per loop km resistance 90
ohm, capacitance 0.062 F, inductance 0.001H and leakage=1.5x10-6 mhos. The
line is terminated in its characteristic impedance and a potential difference of 2.1 V
having a frequency of 1000Hz is applied at the sending end. Calculate:
(a) The characteristic impedance (b) wavelength and (c) The velocity of propagation
Solution:
Given R=90 ohm/km, C=0.062 F/km, L=0.001H/km, G=1.5x10-6 mhos/km,
V=2.1V and f=1000Hz.
Series impedance Z=R+jωL=90+j2x1000x0.001=90+j6.253= 90.2193.990 
And shunt admittance Y=G+jωC=1.5x10-6+j2x1000x0.062
=(1.5+j359.555) x10-6= 389.56 10−6 89.780
(a) The characteristic impedance
Z 90.2193.990
Z0 = =
Y 389.56 10−6 89.780
( )
1/2
Z0 = 231592.0526 − 85.790 = 231592.0526 e− j 85.79
0
Z0 = 481.24e( − j 85.79 /2) = 481.24 − 42.8950 

0
(b) Wavelength,
We know propagation constant  =  + j  = ZY
 + j  = ZY = (90.2193.990 )(389.56  10−6 89.780 )
( )
1/2
 + j  = 35145.7193.770 = 35145.71 e j 93.77 = 187.47e j (93.77 /2)
0 0
 + j  = 187.4746.8850 = 128.128 + j136.849

  = 136.849radians
i.e. = 0.137radians / km
Hence the wavelength 2 2

= = = 45.86km
 0.137
(c) Velocity of propagation
 2  1000
vp = = = 45.86  103 km / sec
 0.137
Problem:5.6
O.C. and S.C. impedances of a transmission line at 1.6KHz are 900-30o  and
400-10o  respectively. Calculate it’s Zo.
Solution:
ZOC ZSC = Zo2
Zo2 = 300x103 -40o
Zo = 600 -20o 
*Problem:5.7
A low transmission line of 100 ohm characteristic impedance is connected to a load

of 400 ohm. Calculate the reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio. Derive the
Relationships used.
Solution:
Given Z0=100 ohm and ZR=400 ohm

We have Reflection coefficient Z R − Zo
k=
Z R + Zo
400 − 100
k= = 0.6
400 + 100
1+ k
Also we have voltage standing wave ratio VSWR =
1− k
1 + 0.6
VSWR = =4
1 − 0.6
Derivations are as in section 5.14.
*Problem:5.8
Explain the significance of Vmax and Vmin positions along the transmission line, for a
complex load ZR. Hence calculate the impedances at these positions.
Solution:
Explanation is as in the section “Standing Wave Ratio”.
At a voltage maximum or current minimum,
Vmax Vmax Vmin

Zin = Z max = = = VSWR  Z 0
I min Vmin I min
At a voltage minimum or current maximum,
Vmin Vmin Vmax

Zin = Z min = = = Z 0 / VSWR
I max Vmax I max
Problem:5.9
Transmission line 10km long is terminated properly at the far end at a frequency
1000Hz. The attenuating and phase constants of the line are respectively 0.03
Nepere/km and 0.03 radians/km. If the far end voltage at 1000Hz is 40oV.
Calculate sending end voltage of the line.
Solution:
If transmission line is terminated with ZR then

V = VR cosh  (l-x) +IR Zo sinh  (l-x)
At x = 0, V = Vs
Vs = VR cosh  l +IR Zo sinh  l
Terminated properly  ZR = Zo
VR VR
IR = =
Z R Zo
Vs = VR cosh  l +VR sinh  l
= VR (cosh  l + sinh  l)
Vs = VR e  l
VR = 40o
l = 10km
 l= (+j)l = (0.03+j 0.03)10km = 424.2645o
e424.2645
o
Vs = 4 V
Problem:5.10
A 30m long lossless transmission line with Zo = 50 operating at 2MHz is

terminated with a load ZR = 60+j40. If v p = 0.6v0 on the line. Find
(a) The reflection coefficient ‘K’
(b) The SWR ‘S’
(c) The input impedance
Solution:
Method:1(without smith chart)

Z R − Zo
(a) Reflection coefficient K=
Z R + Zo
= 0.3523 56o
1+ K 1 + 0.3523
(b) SWR = S = = = 2.08
1− K 1 − 0.3523
(c) Zin for lossless transmission line is
Z + jZ o Tan l
Z in = Z 0 R
Z o + jZ RTanl
l = Electrical length of transmission line
=?

vp =

 2 f
= =
vp vp
6
2 fl
2  2  10  30
l =
o
= = 2.0944  180 = 120o
8
vp 0.6  3  10 
60 + j 40 + j 50 ( −1.732 )
Z in = 50
50 + j ( 60 + j 40 )( −1.732 )
73.1434.9 o
= 50 = 75.268.9 o
48.5926 o
= 23.95 + j1.35
Method:2 (with smith chart)
ZR
(a) Calculate the normalized load impedance Zr = = 1.2 + j 0.8
Zo
Locate Zr on the Smith chart of Fig:5.20 at point A where the R=1.2 circle and the
X=0.8 circle meet. To get K at Zr, extend OA to meet the R=0 circle at B and
measure OA and OB. Since OB corresponds to |K|=1, then at A,
OA 3.5cm
| K |= = = 0.350 , here OA and OB may vary depending on the size of the
OB 10cm
Smith chart used, but the ratio remains same.
Angle K is read directly on the chart as the angle between OC and OA ;
i.e.  K =560
 K = 0.350560
(b) To obtain the standing wave ratio S, draw a circle with radius OA and center at
O. This is the constant S or |K| circle. Locate point C where the S-circle meets the
Kr axis. The value of R on the Smith chart is S,
i.e. S=R=2.1
(c) To obtain Zin, first express l in terms of  or in degrees.
8
Vp 0.6  3  10
= = 6
= 90m
f 2  10
30 
l = 30m = =
90 3
 7200
Since  → 7200 ; → = 2400
3 3
To get input impedance, we need to move towards the generator i.e. move in the
clockwise direction by 2400 on the S circle from point A to point D. At D, we get
normalized zin = 0.47 + j 0.035

 actual Zin = Z0 zin = 50(0.47 + j 0.035) = 23.5 + j1.75
Fig:5.20
*Problem:5.11
An aerial of(200-j300) ohm is to be matched with 500 ohm lines. The matching is to
be done by means of low loss 600 ohm stub line. Find the position and length of
the stub line used if the operating wave length is 2 meters.
Solution:
Given ZR=200-j300 ohm=360.55-56.30, Z0=500 ohm and =20 m
Z R − Z o 200 − j 300 − 500
k= = = −0.2068 − j 0.5172 = 0.557 − 111.80 
Z R + Z o 200 − j 300 + 500
|k|=0.555 and =-111.50=-0.6211
 +  − cos −1 (| k |)  +  − cos −1 (| k |)
Position of the stub l2 = =
2 4
−0.6211 +  − cos−1 (0.557)

l2 = 20 = 0.33465m
4
 2 
Length of the stub l =  tan −1  1− | k | 
1
 2 | k | 

2  1− | k |2  2  1 − (0.557) 2 
l1 = tan −1  = tan −1   = 0.201m
  2|k |  20  2(0.557) 
   

Emtl 5 Units Problems

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UNIT 1 PROBLEMS

10 10 −9  (− 3ax + a y + 2az ) − 2 10−3 (ax + 4a y − 3az )

= − 1.008 a x − 1.287 a y + 1.395 a z nN

(b) E = F , here Q=1nC

 E = −1.008 ax − 1.287 a y + 1.395 az V / m

Fig: 1.3 suspended charge particles

E1 = Electric field intensity at Q4 due to Q1

E = E2 + E1 cos 450 + E3 cos 450

(b) What values of h gives the maximum value of E

(a2 + h2) - 3h2 = 0

Which can be written as

1.1.1 Volume Charge Distribution

Fig:1.16 Finding E due to volume charge distribution

Assume elemental volume dv is placed at point ( r ,  ,  ) . The elemental charge dQ

The elemental electric field dE due to elemental volume dv is

dv = dr r d r  sin  d 

Show that at point (0, 0, h), E =

= 1.5 a x + 1.5 a y − 11.25 a z nN

= 10−3  12(2) + 12(2)dx

x ( x 2 + 104 ) & x ( x 2 + 100 )

= −40 108 106 0.19488 − 0.19869 az

1.6 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY OR DISPLACEMENT DENSITY

1.6.1 Line integral:

Fig: 1.18 Evaluation of Line integral

Similarly, if a vector A is passing through a surface as shown in Fig: 1.19

The flux () of a vector A or surface integral can be written as

 A. ds which is called as contour surface integral.

1.6.3 Electric flux:

Determine D at (4, 0, 3) if there is a point charge -5 mC at (4, 0, 0) and a line

R = (4,0,3) − (4,0,0) = (0,0,3)

1.7 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

called as divergence of vector A and If it is operating on a vector A with cross

Fig:1.21 Flux lines

To determine .A let us consider the volume in Cartesian co-ordinate systems

Ax Ay Az

Ax Ay Az

1.7.1 Divergence Theorem

the volume integral of divergence of a vector.

Similarly ds = ds x a x + ds y a y + ds z a z and we know that divergence of

Ax Ay Az

consider the volume integral

The integral can be written as

where dsy = The elemental surface on XZ plane.

Formulae for Gradient:

In Cartesian co-ordinate system

Find the gradient of the following scalar fields

(a) V = e-z sin 2x cos hy

(a) Since given V is in x and y, consider gradient in Cartesian co-

= 2cos 2 x cosh y e− z ax + sin 2 x sinh y e− z ay − sin 2 x cosh y e− z az

= Z cos 2 2 a +  z(− sin 2 )2 a +  2 cos 2 a z

Determine the divergence of the following vector fields.

(a) Given P = x 2 yz a x + x 3 zy a y + xy2 z 3 a z

(b)Given Q =  sin  a +  2 z a + z cos  a z

1 (Q ) 1 (Q ) Qz

(d) Given N = r 3 sin  ar + sin 2 cos 2  a + cos  r 2 a

change enclosed = Qenc =   dv

(a) the volume charge density at (-1, 0, 3)

Dx Dy Dz

(a) ( v )( −1,0,3) = 4 ( −1) = −4 C/m 2

(b) & (c)  =  v dv = Q enc

Given D = 0.3r 2 a r nC/m2

Also know Q =  v dv where dv = r sin d r d dr

Upon simplifying, we get

The charge enclosed by the sphere of radius ‘r’ is Qenc =  v dv