EMBEDDED SYSTEM

CONTENTS 2

 System
 Embedded System
 Components of embedded system
 Hardware
 Features
 Languages for programming
 Classification
 Embedded system constraints
 Applications
SYSTEM 3

 A system is a way of working, organizing or doing

one or many tasks according to a fixed plan,
program or set of rules.

 A system is also an arrangement in which all its

units assemble and work together according to
the plan or program.
SYSTEM EXAMPLES 4
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial,
Chassis and Strap

Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5. All needles return to the original
position after 12 hours
 5
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM
Parts: Status display panel, Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply &
control unit, Inner water level sensor and solenoid valve.

Rules
1. Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash
over
by
blinkin
g
5. Each
EMBEDDED SYSTEM 6
Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer
hardware with software embedded in it as one of its
important components. Its software embeds in
ROM (Read Only
Memory). It does not
need secondary memories
as in a computer

SOFTWARE PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h>
#use delay (clock=20000000)
#byte PORTB=6

HARDWARE main()
{
set_tris_b(0);
portb=255; //decimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0x55; //hexadecimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0b10101010; //binary
delay_ms(500);
}
PROCESSOR 7
 A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
 An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in
an embedded system.
 For an embedded system designer knowledge
of microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.

Two Essential Units: Operations

Control Unit (CU), Fetch
Execution Unit (EU) Execute
 8
Microprocessor Microcontroller
CPU is stand alone, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer all are on
are separate. single chip.
Designer can decide amount of RAM,ROM, Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, & I/O
& I/O ports. ports.

High processing power Low processing power

High power consumption Low power consumption

Typically 32/64 bit 8/16 bit

General purpose Single purpose(control oriented)

Less reliable Highly reliable

Eg.- 8086,8085 8051
FEW EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR A CAR
COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 13

 It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports,
etc.

 It has main Application Software

Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

 It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application
software. It sets the rules during the execution of the
application program. A small scale embedded system may not need an
RTOS.
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF AN EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
• An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC ) is an integrated circuit (IC)
chip customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-
purpose use.
 BLOCK DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM

CONTROL
SENSORS ACTUATO
UNIT
R
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• Single-functioned − An embedded system usually performs a
specialized operation and does the same repeatedly. For example: A
pager always functions as a pager.

• Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on design

metrics, but those on an embedded system can be especially tight.
Design metrics is a measure of an implementation's features such as its
cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a size to fit on a
single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time and
consume minimum power to extend battery life.
• Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must continually
react to changes in the system's environment and must compute
certain results in real time without any delay.
• Consider an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors
and reacts to speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration
or de-accelerations repeatedly within a limited time; a delayed
computation can result in failure to control of the car.

• Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller

based.
• Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually
embeds in ROM. It does not need any secondary memories in
the computer.

• Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect

input and output devices.

• HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and

flexibility. Hardware is used for performance and security.
 18
LANGUAGES FOR PROGRAMMING
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 Assembly language was the pioneer for
programming embedded systems till recently.
 Nowadays there are many more languages to
program these systems. Some of the languages are C,
C++, Ada, Forth, and Java together with its new
enhancement J2ME.
 The majority of software for embedded systems is
still done in C language.
 21
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
REAL-TIME SYSTEMS

 Embedded systems in which some specific work

has to be done in a specific time period are
called real-time systems.
 Real time embedded systems are classified
into two types such as soft and hard real time
systems.
23
STAND ALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 24

 Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system

like a computer, it works by itself.
 It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital
and processes, calculates and converts the data and gives the
resulting data through the connected device-Which either
controls, drives and displays the connected devices.
 Examples:- mp3 players, digital cameras, video game
consoles, microwave ovens and temperature measurement
systems.
NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 25

 These types of embedded systems are related to a network to

access the resources.
 The connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet.
 Example:- home security system wherein all sensors
are connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP
 MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 26

 Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices

like cell phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and
personal digital assistants, etc.
 The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources and
limitation of memory.
 SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM 27

 Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.

 Little hardware and software complexity.
 They may even be battery operated.
 Usually “C” is used for developing these system.
 The need to limit power dissipation when system is
running
continuously.
 Examples:- digital watches
Programming tools:
Editor, Assembler and
Cross Assembler
 MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM 28
 Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced
Instructions Set Computers (RISC).
 Both hardware and software complexity.
 Examples:- Ipod’s
Programming tools:
C, C++, java,
RTOS, Source code
,Engineering Tool,
Simulator.
 29
SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 It uses more than 32 bit microcontroller.

 Enormous hardware and software complexity
 Which may need scalable processor or configurable
processor and programming logic arrays.
 Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware
units.
 Examples:-washing machine
EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS

An embedded system is software designed to keep in

view three constraints:

 Available system memory

 Available processor speed

 The need to limit the power dissipation

When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for
events, run, stop and wakeup.
 APPLICATIONS 31
•Household appliances:
Microwave ovens, Television,
DVD Players & Recorders
•Audio players

•Integrated systems in aircrafts

and missiles

•Cellular telephones

•Electric and Electronic Motor

controllers

•Engine controllers in
automobiles

•Calculators

• Medical equipments

•Videogames

•Digital musical instruments,

• Advantages
• Easily Customizable
• Low power consumption
• Low cost
• Enhanced performance

• Disadvantages
• High development effort
• Larger time to market
 33

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