LECTURE TWO

The effect of parasites on the host

Direct effects Indirect effects

 

Immunological reaction Excessive

Mechanical Deprivation of
injury Deleterious action   proliferation
nutrition
of toxic substance
 Mode of transmission

Direct Indirect

Vector Vehicle
Vertical Horizontal e.g: Anthropoids e.g: Object
e.g.: MTCT e.g.: Contact  

Biological Mechanical
e.g.: Mosquito e. g.: Flies
Source of infection
• Contaminated water
• Blood sucking arthropods
• Sexual intercourse
• Autoinfection
• Contaminated soil
• Insufficient cooked meat
medical important parasites
• Protozoa
• Helminths
• Arthropods
General characteristics
• Protozoa
• Protozoa: comes from two Greek (proto: first) (zoan: animal)
• Single celled (unicellular )
• Within its single celled, the protozoa contain all structures required for
performing its various functions.
• Wide range of size, shape and structure
• Certain essential common features
• They are made up of a mass of protoplasm
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleoplasm
Cytoplasm
• Consist of
• Outer layer called: ectoplasm
• Inner layer called: endoplasm
• Vacuoles: function storage of food digestion excretion
• Ectoplasm
• Outer layer
• Function: organ locomotion, protection, excretion, respiration and for engulfing of food
material
• Endoplasm
• Inner layer
• Nucleus with tough nuclear membrane  single , double or multiple some species
• Nucleus functions: reproduction and maintaining life
Stages
• Trophozoite ( tropho nourishment/food) (zoitezoon)
• Active feeding and growing stages of the protozoa
• Cyst stage:
• Resistant  enables prolonged survival under unfavorable
condition
• Also involve reproduction by nuclei dividing once or more 
excystation  trophozoite
Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction
• Binary fission
• Simple binary fission
• Multiple binary fission
• Sexual reproduction
• Conjugation: temporary union
• Syngamy: permanently union
Lifecycle of protozoa
• Lifecycle:
• DEF: is the process of parasite’s growth, development and
reproduction
• Types
• Direct lifecycle: there is no need of intermediate host
• Indirect lifecycle: need intermediate host to complete its
lifecycle