PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT

PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT
1. CHEMICAL

2. PHYSICAL
a. Consistency – ranges from a very thin liquid to a stuff
semi-solid state.

b. Temperature Susceptibility - thermoplastic substance.

c. Adhesion – ability to stick to the agg.

d. Cohension – ability to hold the agg. particles firmly.

e. Durability – resistance of asphalt to change in

properties due to weathering or aging.
f. Hardening – asphalt hardens when heated to higher
temperature
PHYSICAL TEST ON ASPHALT
1. Consistency test 6. Specific Gravity
a. Viscosity
b. Penetration 7. Spot

2. Temperature Susceptibility 8. Solubility

a. Softening Point
9. Distillation
3. Loss of Heating
10. Sieve
4. Duplicity
11. Cement Mixing
5. Flash Point
12. Storage Ability
Definition of Asphalt
Asphalt is dark brown to black
cementitious material solid or semi-
solid in consistency in which the
predominating constituents are
bitumen which are found in nature or
as residue in petrolium refining
Chemical Composition of Asphalt
1. Asphaltene – gives color and hardness
- black/dark brown

2. Maltene
a. Resin – provides stickiness (adhesiveness)

b. Oil – influences viscosity of asphalt and

imparts softness.
PHYSICAL TEST ON ASPHALT
1. Consistency Test
a. Viscosity Test – measures the resistance to
flow of asphalt.

b. Penetration Test – Measures the distance

that a standard needle will penetrate a sample at
a given temperature in a specified time.

2. Temperature Susceptibility Test

a. Softening Point Test – indicates the temperature at
which the harder type asphalt reach an arbitrary
degree of softening.
PHYSICAL TEST ON ASPHALT
3. Loss on Heating
- It determines the rate of loss of volatile oil of
asphalt when heated and the change in
penetration caused by excessive heating.

4. Ductility Test
- measures the ability of the asphalt to stretch
without breaking.

5. Flash Point
- indicates the safe heating temperature of
asphalt.
PHYSICAL TEST ON ASPHALT
6. Specific Gravity
- indicates the uniformity of product.

7. Spot Test
- determines if asphalt is overheated during
production.

8. Solubility Test
- determine the bitumen content in asphalt that is
soluble in petroleum solvent.

9. Distillation Test
- determines the asphalt content of liquid asphalt.
PHYSICAL TEST ON ASPHALT
10. Sieve Test
- determines presence of larger globules of
asphalt in the emulsion.

11. Cement Mixing Test

- determines the resistance of the emulsion to
breakdown on the job. It indicates the rate at which
the emulsion will break when mixed with
aggregates

12. Storage Stability Test

- detects the tendency of the asphalt globules in
the emulsion to settle during storage.
ITEM 310
- Consist of construction a Bituminous
Concrete Surface Course composed of
aggregates, mineral filler and bituminous
material mixed in a central plant.

Aggregates (coarse, fine and mineral filler)

account for 92% to 95% of the weight of the
mixture, while asphalt the binder of the
aggregates) accounts for 5% to 8% of the
weight of mix.
3 MAJOR PETROLEUM ASPHALT
1. Asphalt Cements are produced in various
viscosity grade, the most common being
penetration grade 200/300, 120/150. 85/100,
60/70 and 40/50.

2. Liquid Asphalt (or Cutback) are asphalt

mixed with solvent to reduce their viscosity
and make them easier to use at ordinary
temperature. The solvents are gasoline for
rapid curing (RC) type: kerosene for medium
curing (MC) type: and, diesel fuel for slow
curing (SC) type:
3 MAJOR PETROLEUM ASPHALT
3. Asphalt emulsions are mixture of
asphalt cement and water with
emulsifying agent
The bituminous material commonly use in item 310 is Asphalt Cement.

The lower penetration grade or

hard asphalt is used in hot climate
and higher penetration grades or
softer asphalt, in cold climate.
A BITUMINOUS MIX CONSISTS OF:
BITUMEN - BINDING MATERIAL
AGGREGATE - STRENGTH
AIRVOIDS - DURABOLTY/DEFORMATION
CHARACTERISTICS

THE PROPORTIONS OF BITUME/AGGREGARE

AND AGGREGATE GRADING CAN BE ALTERED
TO GIVE A MIX THAT HAS THE REQUIRED
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND IS
ECONOMIC
JOB MIX FORMULA
  The job-mix formula is the primary
quality control mechanism for the
production of asphalt mixture,
mixture, which shall conform with
following ranges of tolerance:
Passing No. 4 and larger sieves +/-7%
Passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieves +/-4%
Passing No. 200 sieves +/-2%
Bituminous material +/-0.4%
Temperature of mixture +/-10°C
 
a. mixture shall have a minimum dry comprehensive
strength of 1.4Mpa (200psi)
b. The mixture shall have a mass percent air voids with
the range of 3 to 5.
c. The mixture shall have an index of retained strength of
nor less than 70%
 The Marshall Stability Method is
the most commonly used method
in the design and evaluation of
bituminous concrete mixes.
QUALITY CONTROL TEST
FOR ASPHALT MIX
A. The immersion/Compression test determines
the index of Retained Strength of the mix. Which
is the ratio of wet to dry stability of the mix
(compressive strength).
QUALITY CONTROL TEST
FOR ASPHALT MIX
B. Extraction and Grading tests determines
asphalt content and practice size distribution
of coarse and fine aggregates, respectively.

C. The laboratory density test determines the

degree of compaction.
PLACING AND COMPACTION

A. The mixture shall be placed at a temperature

not less than 107°C as measured in the truck just
prior to dumping into the spreader. When tar is
used, the mixture shall be placed at between
66°C and 107°C.
 To control of the temperature
during the mixing and compaction
is of great significance in the
strength of the resulting
pavement.
PLACING AND COMPACTION

B. Rolling shall begin at the sides and

proceed longitudinally parallel toward
the road center line, each trip overlapping
one-half the roller width, gradually
progressing to the crown of the road.
PLACING AND COMPACTION

C. After final rolling, the degree of

compaction should be checked. The
compacted pavement shall have destiny equal
to or greater than 95% of the laboratory
compaction destiny.
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR
HIGHWAY ENGINEERS

Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
HOT-LAID MIXTURES - Are plant mixes, which
must be spread and compacted while in a
healed condition.
MINERAL FILLED ASPHALT - Is asphalt cement
containing and appreciable percentage, usually
between 10% and 50% by weight, of very finely
divided mineral matter passing the No. 200
sieve.
Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS

NATIVE ASPHALT - Is asphalt occurring in nature

produced from petroleum by natural processes
of evaporation or distillation.

Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
PENETRATION GRADE ASPHALTS -Are asphalt
cement with indicated degree of softness or
hardness. The grade of asphalt cement normally
used ranges from 40/50 to 200/300 penetration.
The lower penetration grades or hard asphalt
are used in hot climates, and the higher
penetration grades or softer asphalts, in cold
climates.
Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
 Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
The distance that the needle penetrates the
sample in a given time is measured in tenths of
millimeter (0.1 mm). Grade 200-300 indicates
that under specific conditions, the needle
penetrated 200 to 300 tenths of a millimeter
into the sample. This indicates a ”soft” asphalt.
Grade 40-50, on the other hand indicates a
“hard” asphalt into which the needle was able
to penetrate only 40 to 50 tenths of a millimeter.
Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
PERFORMED BITUMUNOUS JOINT FILLER
Is a premoulded strip of bituminous material
mixed with fine mineral substances, fibrous
materials, cork or sawdust.

PRIME COATS
Also known as tack coats, consist of asphalt
sprayed on either an existing base of a portland
cement or asphalt surface to help bond new
construction. Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
ROAD MIX
Is a term describing the mixing of mineral
aggregate and liquid bituminous material, which
is perform from the road either by a blade
grader, drag, travelling mixing plant, or special
road- mixing equipment

Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
SEAL COATS
Are surface treatments whose primary purpose
is to seal crack in existing asphalt surfaces. Dust
is also controlled by this type of surface. Send is
usually the aggregate used in these applications.

Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
BITUMINOUS TERMS FOR HIGHWAY
ENGINEERS
TACK COAT
Is an application of bituminous material to the
surface or a base course or existing pavement
preparatory to placing a bituminous course
upon it. The purpose is to insure a thorough
bond between the old and new courses.

Prepared by:
Burean of Research and Standards
Gradation Ranges – Hot Plant Mix Bituminous Pavements
(Mass percent passing square sieves, AASHTO T 11 and T 27)

Sieve Designation,              
mm A B C D E F G

37.5 (1 ½ inch.) 100 - - - - - -

25 (1 inch.) 95-100 100 100 - - - -
19 (3/4 inch) 75-95 95-100 95-100 100 - 100 -
12.5 (1/2 inch.)   68-86 68-86 95-100 100 - 100
9.5 (3/8 inch.) 54-75 56-78 56-78 74-92 95-100 - 95-100
4.75 (No.4) 36-58 36-60 36-60 48-70 75-90 45-85 30-50
2.36 (No. 8) 25-45 27-47 27-47 33-53 62-82 33-53 5-15
1.18 (No. 16) - 18-37 18-37 22-40 38-58 - -
0.600 (No. 30) 11-28 11-28 13-28 15-30 22-42 - -
0.300 (No. 50) - 6-20 9-20 10-20 11-28 10-20 -
0.075 (No. 200) 0-8 0-8 4-8 4-9 2-10 3-8 2-5
ITEM 310 – BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SUREFACE COURSE
1995 STANDARD SPECIFICATION, GRADING B
JOB-MIXING FORMULA
A. SOURCE OF AGGREGATES?MATERIALS

1. Sand -Montalban Rizal

2. 3/8” Aggregate -Agono, Rizal
3. Asphalt Cement -Pilipinas Shell Petroleum
Corporation
4. Portland Cement -Dragon Portland, Pasig City
ITEM 310 – BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SUREFACE COURSE
1995 STANDARD SPECIFICATION, GRADING B
JOB-MIXING FORMULA
B. BLENDING COMPOSITION OF AGGREGATES

Bin No. 1 -- Sand - 83.5%

Bin No. 2 -- 3/8” Agg. - 16.0%
Filler Bin -- Cement - 0.5%
ITEM 310 – BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SUREFACE COURSE
1995 STANDARD SPECIFICATION, GRADING B
JOB-MIXING FORMULA
C. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
Sieve Designation  
Result General Job-Mix
(inch) (mm) Specification Specification

½” (12.5) 100 100 100

3/8” (9.5) 89 95-100 95-100
No.4 (4.75) 82 75-90 75-89
No.8 (2.36) 64 62-82 62-68
No.16 (1.18) 40 38-58 38-44
No.30 (0.60) 26 22-42 22-30
No.50 (0.30) 15 11-28 11-19
No.200 (0.075) 5 2-10 3-7
ITEM 310 – BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SUREFACE COURSE
1995 STANDARD SPECIFICATION, GRADING B
JOB-MIXING FORMULA
D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific Gravity of Asphalt Cement = 1.03

Effective Sp. Gr. of Aggregates = 2.79
ITEM 310 – BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SUREFACE COURSE
1995 STANDARD SPECIFICATION, GRADING B
JOB-MIXING FORMULA
E. TEST ITEM
    Specifications
Items Result Min. Max.

1. Optimum Asphalt Content (%) by. wt. of mix 5.50 5.10 5.90
2. Stability (lbf) 2700 1800 +
3. Number of blows each face 75    
4. Flow (0.01 in.) 13 8 16
5. Air Voids 3.75 3 3
6. Compacted Pavement Density (%) 90 90 +
7. Mixing Temperature, °C 150 130 165
8. Compaction Temperature, °C 130 120  
9. Laying Temperature, °C 130 120  
MIX DESIGN
OBJECTIVE
To determine an economical blend and
graduation of aggregates and bitumen that it gives
a mix which has:

A. Durability
B. Stability
C. Workability
D. Sufficient air voice
MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN METHOD

A. Marshall
B. Gyratory Compactor (Superpave)
C. Vibratory Hammer
MIX PROPERTIES
1. STABILITY – ability to resist
deformation from imposed load

Factors affecting stability:

- Surface texture
- Particle Shape
- Gradation
- Density
- Quantity and type of asphalt
MIX PROPERTIES
2. DURABILITY - ability to the
detrimental effects of air, water,
temperature and traffic
 
Factors affecting durability:
- Asphalt content
- Gradation
- Density
MIX PROPERTIES
3. FLEXIBILITY – ability to bend slightly
without cracking and to conform to
gradual settlements and movements of
the base and subgrade.
 
Factors affecting flexibility:
- High asphalt content
- Gradation (open grade)
MIX PROPERTIES
4. FATIGUE RESISTANCE – ability to
withstand repeated flexing caused by the
passage of wheel loads.
 
Factors affecting fatigue resistance:
- Asphalt content
- Gradation
MIX PROPERTIES
5. SKID RESISTANCE – ability to offer
resistance to slipping or skidding of the
vehicle tires.
 
Factors affecting skid resistance:
- Texture of aggregate
- Proper asphalt content
MIX PROPERTIES
6. WORKABILITY – ease with which
paving mixture may be placed and
compacted.
 
Factors affecting workability:
- Gradation
- Properties of aggregate
 MARSHALL TEST
Procedure:
1. Segregate the aggregates in different
size according to their grading.
2. Batch wt.
3. Heating of aggregates.
A. Heating temperature of Aggregates - 177°C-191°C
B. Heating temperature of Asphalt - 121°C-138°C
 
4. Mix – mixing temperature - 163°C
5. Mold the specimens - Compaction Temp. 124°C
Mold it by compaction 25 times with a heated Spatula fifteen
times around & remaining with at random over the mixture.
The remaining half of the mixture similar spading action
repeated. No. of blows depends on traffic you are designing.
 MARSHALL TEST
6. The cool the specimen – extrude the mold
after 24 hours.
7. Measure the specimen at four (4) angles
and get the average.
8. Get Gmb (Bulk Specific Gravity)
9. Water Cure – 30-40 minutes at a
temperature of 60°C.
10. Take the stability test by means of
Marshall apparatus and flow test.
 MARSHALL MIX DESIGN
(ASPHALT INSTITUTE, 1988)
 THE MARSHALL TEST

The specimen are tested for stability and flow at

60°C as specified in the standard procedure
 MARSHALL MIX DESIGN
(ASPHALT INSTITUTE, 1992)
THE DESIGN BITUMEN CONTENT
1988 ASPHALT INSTITUTE (MS2)
FROM MARSHALL TEST DATA PLOT;

1. MIX BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY – bitumen content at maximum

v BITUMEN CONTENT BSG (A)
2. STABILITY v BITUMEN – bitumen content at maximum
CONTENT stability (B)
3. AIR VOIDS (VIM) v BITUMEN – bitumen content at 4% VIM (C)
CONTENT
4. VMA v BITUMEN CONTENT
5. FLOW V BITUMEN CONTENT

 DESIGN BITUMENT (DBC) = A + B + C

3
 WORK SHEET ON TESTING OF ASPHALT CEMENT
Project: __________________________________
Lab. No.: __________________________________
I.D. No.: __________________________________ Date Tested: ___________
___________________________________________________________________________

1. Specific Gravity
a. Mass of pycnometer empty, g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52.172
b. Mass of pycnometer filled with water, g - - - - - - - - - - 63.617
c. Mass of pycnometer half filled with sample, g - - - - - - 58.842
d. Mass of pycnometer + sample + water, g - - - - - - - - - - 63.829

Specific Gravity = c–a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = 1.03

(b-a) – (d-c)
 WORK SHEET ON TESTING OF ASPHALT CEMENT
Project: __________________________________
Lab. No.: __________________________________
I.D. No.: __________________________________ Date Tested: ___________
___________________________________________________________________________
 
2. Loss on Heating:
I. II.
a. Mass of container empty, g - - - - - - - - - - - - 18.357 17.460
b. Mass of container + sample, g - - - - - - - - - - - 69.031 67.216
c. Mass of container + sample after heating, g - 68.993 67.191

% Loss = b–c X 100 - - - - -- - - - = 0.075 0.050

b–a
 WORK SHEET ON TESTING OF ASPHALT CEMENT
Project: __________________________________
Lab. No.: __________________________________
I.D. No.: __________________________________ Date Tested: ___________
___________________________________________________________________________
 
3. Solubility and Ash Content:
a. Mass of sample, g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _2.0__
b. Mass of crucible + filled with paper, g - - - - - - - - - - - - 18.136
c. Mass of crucible + residue, g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18.138

% Solubility = 100 –[ c–b X 100 ] - - - - - - - = 99.9

a
4. Spot Tests: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Negative
 WORK SHEET ON TESTING OF ASPHALT CEMENT
Project: __________________________________
Lab. No.: __________________________________
I.D. No.: __________________________________ Date Tested: ___________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Penetration:
Penetration (Original)
25°C, 100 g, 5 s - - - - 63 65 62 63
Penetration (After Loss)
25°C, 100 g, 5 s - - - - 52 52 22 52
Penetration, % of Original - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83

6. Ductility (Original) 25°C, 5 cm/min., cm. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105+

Ductility (After Loss), 25°C, 5 cm/min. cm. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105­+­

7. Flash point, °C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 235

TYPES OF MIXES
1. DENSE BITUMEN MACADAM
- “STONE ON STONE” CONTACT
 
2. HOT ROLLED ASPHALT
- “SAND/BITUMEN/FILLER” MORTAR
 
3. ASPHALTIC CONCRETE
- “STONE ON STONE” CONTACT
- SOME MORTAR EFFECT
 ASPHALT INSTITUTE SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASPHALTIC
CONCRETE WEARING COURSES
TRAFFIC 1982 1984 1988 1992, 1994
  MIN. FLOW MIN. FLOW MIN. FLOW MIN. FLOW VFA
  STABILTY (mm) STABILITY (mm) STABILITY (mm) STABILITY (mm) %
(N) (N) (n) (n)
                   
HEAVY 3338 2-4 6672 2-4 8006 2-3.6 8006 2-3.6 65-75
 
                   
MEDIUM 2224 2-4.6 3336 2-4.6 5338 2-4 5338 2-4 66-78
 

                   
LIGHT 2224 2-5.1 2224 2-5.1 33336 2-4.6 3338 2-4.6 70-80
 
 
DETERMINATION OF OPTINUM BITUMEN CONCERT
 
MEAN OF VALUES GIVING Max. STABILITY, Max. UNIT WEIGHT GIVING 4% AIR VOIDS
and 4% AIR VOIDS
Table 5.2 MARCHALL MIX DESIGN CRITERIA

  Light Traffic Medium Traffic Heavy Traffic

Surface and Base Surface & Base Surface & Base

Marshall Method Mix Criteria 1 Min Max Min Max Min Max
Compaction, number of blows each 35 50 75
end of specimen

Stability, N 3336 - 5338 - 8006 -

(lb.) (750) (1200) (1800)

Flow, 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) 8 18 8 16 8 14

Percent Air Voids 3 5 3 5 3 5
Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate See Table 5.3
(VMA)

Percent Voids Filled With Asphalt 70 80 65 78 65 75

(VFA)
 Table 5.2 MARCHALL MIX DESIGN CRITERIA
NOTES:
 
1. All criteria, not just stability value alone, must be
considered in designing an asphalt paving mix. Hot mix
asphalt bases that do not meet these criteria when
tested at 60°C (140°F) are satisfactory if they meet the
criteria when tested at 38°C (100°F) and are placed
100mm (4 inches) or more below the surface. This
recommendation applies only to regions having a range
of climatic conditions similar to those prevailing
throughout most of the United States. A different
lower test temperature maybe considered in regions
having more extreme climatic conditions.
Table 5.2 MARCHALL MIX DESIGN CRITERIA
NOTES:

2. Traffic classification
Light Traffic conditions resulting in a Design EAL < 10⁴

Medium Traffic conditions resulting in a Design EAL between < 10⁴ and 10⁶

Heavy Traffic conditions resulting in a Design EAL < 10⁶

3. Laboratory compaction efforts should closely

approach the maximum density obtained in the
pavement under traffic.
Table 5.2 MARCHALL MIX DESIGN CRITERIA
NOTES:

4. The flow value refers to the point where the load

begins to decrease.

5. The portion of asphalt cement lost by absorption into

the aggregate particles must be allowed for when
calculating percent air voids.

6. Percent voids in the mineral aggregate are to be

calculated on the basis of the ASTM bulk specific gravity
for the aggregate
Table 5.3 – Minimum percent voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)
Nominal Maximum Minimum VMA, percent
Particle Size 1,2 Design Air Voids, percent 3
mm In. 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.18 No. 16 21.5 22.5 23.5
2.36 No. 8 19.0 20.0 21.0
4.75 No. 4 16.0 17.0 18.0
9.5 3/8 14.0 15.0 1.0
12.5 1/2 13.0 14.0 15.0
19.0 3/4 12.0 13.0 14.0
25.0 1.0 11.0 12.0 13.0
37.5 1.5 10.0 11.0 12.0
50. 2.0 9.5 10.5 11.5
63. 2.5 9.0 10.0 11.0
1 – Standard specification for Wire Cloth Sieves for Testing Purpose, ASTM E11 (AASHTO M92)
2 – The nominal maximum particle size is one larger than the first sieve to retain more than
10%
3 – Interpolate minimum voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA) for design air void values
between those listed.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS Lab. Report No. 03 – 153 – 2000
EDSA, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY
March 23, 2000
TEST REPORT ON BITUMINOUS MIX (Date)
 
Project : Repair/Maint. Of Various Nat’ l. Road Within TMMED
:
Sample Identification : AM-1
Sampled at : 130 M. Tonnes
Original Source : Project site
Supplied By : SOCOR Const. Batching Plant
Proposed use : SOCOR Const. Corp.
Spec’ s Item No. : Bituminous Concrete Surface Course
: As per Submitted Job-Mix Formula based on Item 310, 1995
Sampled by : DPWH Std . , Spec’ s. Grading F
: R.C. Fermin- Lab Tech. II-B TMMED-DPWH 2-12-2000
Submitted by : (Name & designation) (Office) (Date)
: -do- -do- 3-09-2000
: (Name & Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)
Lab. No. 980-2000 (Paid Under OR#0332316) )
TESTS REQUIREMENTS RESULTS
Grading after Extraction Cumulative % Passing    
Sieve Size, mm    
     
19.0 100 100
12.5 - 100
9.5 - 100
4.75 54-65 62
2.36 34-42 39
1.18 - 26
0.60 - 17
0.30 10-15 12
0.075 3-6 5
Residual Bitumen Content % by wt. of Agg. 5.31-6.11 5.72
Bulk Specific Gravity - 2.327
Immersion/Compression Test, kPa: -  
Dry 1400 Min. 2420
Wet - 2069
Index of Retained Strength, % 70 Min. 85
REMARKS: Sample meets Specification.
Tested by: Checked by:
P. Malonzo  
C. de Guzman Carlos P. EBORA
M. Gianan OIC. Mat’ ls. Testing Div.
Witnessed by:
M.R. Marquez ATTESTED:
RAUL C. ASIS
Director IV
 
WORK SHEET ON IMMERSION-COMPRESSION TEST
OF BITUMINOUS MIX
 
Project : Asphalt Overlay & Impo’ t of East Service Rd. (Sucat – Alabang Muntinlupa City)
Tab. No. : 898 - 2000
 
A. BITUMEN CONTENT
Orig. mass of
Sample - - - - - - - 850
Mass of sample
After extraction - - - 808
Bitumen Extracted, g
– (2) - - - - - - - - - 42
Bitumen Content, % by
Mass of aggregate
3/2 * 100 - - - - - - - -5.2
B. Grading

Sieve Size Mass Retained Massing Passing % Passing

1 0 808 100
3/4 0 808 100
½ 240 568 70
3/8 94 474 59
4 84 390 48
8 106 284 35
16 103 181 22
  58 123 15
50 42 81 10
200 41 40 5
Pan 7    
W.L 33    
775    
A. Bulk Specific Gravity:
 
1. Mass in air, g - - - - - - - 21092025 1996 1998
2. Mass in SSD, g - - - - - - 21242040 2016 2010
3. Mass in water, g - - - - - 12071182 1166 1158
4. Specific Gravity 1/(2-3) - 2.300 2.360 2.348 2.345

 
Table 5.1 – Stability correlation ratios
Approximate Thickness of Specimen, Correlation Ratio
mm__in.
 
200 to 213 25.4 1 5.56
214 to 225 27.0 1 1/16 5.00
226 to 237 28.6 1 1/8 4.55
238 to 250 30.2 1 3/16 4.17
251 to 264 31.8 1¼ 3.85
265 to 276 33.3 1 5/16 3.57
277 to 289 34.9 1 3/8 3.33
290 to 301 36.5 1 7/16 3.03
302 to 316 38.1 1½ 2.78
317 to 328 39.7 1 9/16 2.50
329 to 340 41.3 1 5/8 2.27
341 to 353 42.9 1 11/16 2.08
354 to 367 44.4 1¾ 1.92
368 to 379 46.0 1 13/16 1.79
380 to 392 47.6 1 7/8 1.67
393 to 405 49.2 1 15/16 1.56
406 to 420 50.8 2 1.47
421 to 431 52.4 2 1/16 1.39
432 to 443 54.0 2 1/8 1.32
444 to 456 55.6 2 3/16 1.25
457 to 470 57.2 2¼ 1.19
471 to 482 58.7 2 5/16 1.14
483 to 495 60.3 2 3/8 1.09
496 to 508 61.9 2 7/16 1.04
509 to 522 63.5 2½ 1.00
523 to 535 65.1 2 9/16 0.96
536 to 546 66.7 2 5/8 0.93
547 to 559 68.3 2 11/16 0.89
560 to 573 69.8 2¾ 0.86
574 to 585 71.4 2 13/16 0.83
586 to 598 73.0 2 7/8 0.81
599 to 610 74.6 2 15/16 0.78
611 to 625 76.2 3 0.76
Table 5.1 – Stability correlation ratios

NOTES:
1. The measured stability of a specimen multiplied by the
ratio for the thickness of the specimen equals the
corrected stability for a 63.5 mm (2 ½-in.)specimen.

2. Volume-thickness relationship is based on a specimen

diameter of 101.6 mm(4 in).
Common Distresses for Asphalt
Concrete Pavements

CORRUGATION SHOVING

RAVELING RUTTING

ALLIGATOR REFLECTION
CRACKING CRACKING
The most common distresses for asphalt concrete pavements, their causes; and corresponding
corrective measures are discussed hereunder.
TYPE OF DISTRESS DESCRIPTION
1. Pothole Bowl-shape holes of various in
the pavement surface.
2. Alligator Interconnected cracks forming
a series of small blocks
Cracking resembling an alligator’s skin
or chicken wire.
3. Raveling The wearing away of the
pavement surface caused by
the dislodging of aggregate
particles.
Corrugation is a form of plastic
4. Corrugation movement typified by ripples
and Shoving (surface waves) across the
pavement surface.
Shoving is a form of plastic
movement resulting in
localized bulging of the
pavement
POSSIBLE CAUSES
Weaknesses in the pavement
resulting from too little asphalt too
thin asphalt surface, failure of the
base, or poor drainage.
Excessive deflection of the surface
over unstable (saturated) sub-grade
or lower courses of the pavement
and repeated loads that exceed the
load-carrying capacity of the
pavement
Lack of compaction, construction of
thin lift during cold weather, dirty or
disintegrating aggregates, too little
asphalt in the mix, or overheating of
the asphalt mix.
Lack of ability of asphalt layers
caused by too rich asphalt mix. Too
high a proportion of fine aggregates,
too round or too smooth texture of
fine or coarse aggregates, too soft
asphalt cement, excessive moisture,
contamination due to oil spillage, or
lack of aeration during placing of
mixes using emulsified or cutback
asphalts.
CORRECTIVE MEASURE
Temporary repair through filling it with a pre-
mixed asphalt patching material. Permanent
repair through filling it with ne base and surface
material.
In case of saturated bases or subgrade, remove
the wet material and install needed drainage.
Temporary repair can be made by applying
aggregate seal coat to the affected area. In case
of cracking from overloading, a properly design
overlay will correct the condition.
Surface treatment, such as seal coating (Item
303), surface dressing , thin overlaying of Item
310, SBST, DBST or SAMI (stress-absorbing
membrane interlayer.)
If the corrugation has an aggregate base with a
thin surface treatment, scarify the surface then
mix it with the base and recompact the mixture
before resurfacing. If the pavement has more
than 2 inch. of asphalt surfacing and base,
remove the shallow corrugations by pavement
planning machine, then overlay with a seal coat
of plant-mixed surface treatment. Showed areas
must be removed and patched.
The most common distresses for asphalt concrete pavements, their causes; and corresponding
corrective measures are discussed hereunder.

TYPE OF DISTRESS DESCRIPTION POSSIBLE CAUSES CORRECTIVE MEASURE

5. Rutting Logical surface Consolidation or lateral
depression in the movements under traffic on
wheel paths. one or more of the underlying
course or displacement in the
asphalt surface layer itself.
Level the pavement by filling the channels with
hot plant-mixed asphalt material. Follow with a
thin asphalt plant-mixed overlay.

6. Bleeding The upward Improper constructed seal Repeated application of hot sand, slag or rock
movements is an coat, too rich a mix. and/or severing to blot up the excess asphalt. When
asphalt pavement too heavy a prime of tack bleeding is light, a plant-mixed surface
resulting in the coat. treatment or an aggregate seal coat, using
formation of a film of absorptive aggregate, is the only treatment
asphalt on the surface. needed. Heavily over-asphalted surfaces should
be removed and replaced.

7. Reflection Cracking Crack on asphalt Vertical or horizontal
concrete overlay movements in the pavement
surface that occur over beneath the overlay, brought
joints in concrete about by expansion and
pavement. contraction with temperature
or moisture changes, loss of
moisture in subgrades of high
clay contents.
Medium-sized cracks are cleaned, sealant
applied, from the bottom up and the sealant
material sprinkled with clay sand to prevent
pick-up by traffic. Large cracks (more than 3/4 –
wide) are filled with an asphalt emulsion slurry
or fine hot plant mix prior to asphalt overlay or
surface treatment.
Otherwise, and if there is medium to high
severity spalling the cracks should be repaired as
a patch.
TYPES OF DISTRESS POSSIBLE CAUSES
1. Potholes - Weakness in the pavement
from too little asphalt, too
thin asphalt surface, failure
of base, or poor drainage

2. Alligator Cracking - Excessive deflection of the

surface over unstable
(saturated) sub-grade or
lower courses of the
pavement and repeated
loads that exceed the load-
carrying capacity of the
pavement.
TYPES OF DISTRESS POSSIBLE CAUSES
3. Raveling - Lack of compaction, construction of a
thin lift during cold weather, dirty or
disintegrating aggregates, too little
asphalt in the mix, or overhauling of the
asphalt mix.

4. Corrugation and - Lack of ability of asphalt layers caused by

Showing too rich asphalt mix. Too high a
proportion of fine aggregates, too round
or too smooth texture of fine or coarse
aggregates, too soft asphalt cement,
excessive moisture, contamination due
to oil spillage, or lack of aeration during
placing of mixes using emulsified or
cutback asphalts.
TYPES OF DISTRESS POSSIBLE CAUSES
5. Rutting - Consolidation or lateral movements
under traffic on one or more of the
underlying course or displacement in the
asphalt surface layer itself.

6. Bleeding - Improper constructed seal coat, too rich

a mix. and/or too heavy a prime of tack
coat.

7. Reflection Cracking - Vertical or horizontal movements in the

pavement beneath the overlay, brought
about by expansion and contraction with
temperature or moisture changes, loss of
moisture in subgrades of high clay
contents.
ITEM 301 – BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT
301.1 Description
This item shall consists of preparing and treating an
aggregate base course with material in accordance with the
Plans and Specifications, preparatory to the construction of a
bituminous surface course.

301.2 Material Requirements

Bituminous material shall be either Rapid Curing (RC) or
Medium Curing (MC) Cut-back Asphalt, whichever is called for in
the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the requirements of
Item 702. Bituminous Materials. The type and grade shall be
specified in the Special Provision.
ITEM 302 – BITUMINOUS TACK COAT
302.1 Description
This Item shall consist of preparing and treating an existing
bituminous or cement concrete surface with bituminous
material in accordance with the Plan and Specifications,
preparatory to the construction of a bituminous surface course.

302.2 Material Requirements

Bituminous material shall be either Rapid Curing (RC)
Cutback or emulsified Asphalt, which ever is called for in the Bill
of Qualities. It shall conform to the requirements of Item 702,
Bituminous Materials. The type and grade will be specified in the
Special Provision.
ITEM 303 – BITUMINOUS SEAL COAT
303.1 Description
This Item shall of an application of bituminous
material with or without an application of
aggregate on an existing bituminous surface
course in accordance with the Plans and
Specifications.
ITEM 304 – BITUMINOUS SURFACE
TREATMENT
304.1 Description
This Item shall consist of either a single
application bituminous material followed by single
spreading of aggregate (single surface treatment)
or two applications of bituminous material each
followed by a spreading of aggregate (double
surface treatment) in accordance with the Plans
and Specification.
ITEM 305 – BITUMINOUS PENETRATION
MACADAM PAVEMENT
305.1 Description
This Item shall consist of furnishing and placing
one or more courses of graded aggregate and one
more application of bituminous material, followed
by a seal coat with cover aggregate constructed on
a prepared base in accordance with this
specification and in conformity with the lines,
grades and typical cross-sections shown on the
Plans.
ITEM 306 – BITUMINOUS PENETRATION
MACADAM PAVEMENT
306.1 Description
This Item shall consist of constructing a
bituminous road-mix surface course on a prepared
base in accordance with these Specification and in
conformity with the lines, graded and typical
cross-section shown on the Plans, or as established
by the Engineer.
ITEM 307 – BITUMINOUS PLANT-MIX SURFACE
COURSE-GENERAL
307.1 Description
This Item includes general requirements that
are application to all types of bituminous plant mix
surface irrespective of graduation of aggregate or
kind and amount of bituminous material.
Derivations from these general requirements will
be indicated in the specific requirements for each
type.
ITEM 308 – BITUMINOUS PLANT-MIX SURFACE
COURSE, COLD-LAID
308.1 Description
This Item shall consist of constructing a
bituminous plant-mix surface course, laid cold, on
the proposed base in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines,
grades and typical cross-section shown on the
Plans.
ITEM 309 – BITUMINOUS PLANT-MIX
(STOCKPILE MAINTENANCE MISTURE)
309.1 Description
This Item shall consist of a bituminous stcokpile
maintenance mixture compose of aggregate,
mineral filler, hydrated lime and bituminous
material mixed in a central plant. The mixture is
stockpile for immediate of future maintenance
needs.
ITEM 310 – BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE
COURSE HOT-LAID
310.1 Description
This Item shall consist of construction a
bituminous concrete surface course composed of
aggregate, mineral filler
ITEM 309 – BITUMINOUS PLANT-MIX
(STOCKPILE MAINTENANCE MISTURE)
309.1 Description
This Item shall consist of a bituminous stcokpile
maintenance mixture compose of aggregate,
mineral filler, and bituminous material mixed in a
central plant, constructed and laid hot on the
prepared base in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with lines, grades,
thickness and typical cross-section shown on
Plans.
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 300 – Aggregate Surface Course
Test:
For every 300 m³ or fraction thereof:
1 – G, Grading Test
1 – P, Plasticity Test (PL, L, PI)
For every 1500 m³ or fraction thereof:
1 – C, Compaction Test
1 – Q, Quality Test (Grading, Plasticity &
Abrasion)
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
For every layer of 150mm of compacted
depth/based on the results of compaction trials.

At least one group of three in-situ density tests for

each 500 m² or fraction thereof:

For Crushed Gravel or Crushed Stone, 1599 m³ or

fraction thereof:
1 – F, Fraction Face
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 301 – Bituminous Prime Coat
Quantity: 1 to 2 L/m²
Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test for every 40 t or 200 drums

Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat

Quantity: 0.2 to 0.7 L/m²
Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test for every 40 t or 200 drums
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 303 – Bituminous Seal Coat

A. Bituminous Materials
Quantity: ­________L/m²
Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test for every 40 t or 200 drums

B. Cover Aggregates
Quantity: From 5 to 14 kg/m²
Tests: For every 75 m³/200 kg or fraction thereof:
1 – G, Grading Test
Item 304 – Bituminous surface Treatment
A. Aggregates
Quantity:
Using Cut-Back Asphalt on Asphalt Cement-13.6 to 38.0 kg/sq.m.
Using Emulsified Asphalt – 13.6 to 19.04 kg/sq.m.
Tests:
For every 75 m³/200 kg or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (PL, LL, PI)
 
For every 1500 m³ or fraction thereof:
1-Q, Quality Test for: (Grading, Plasticity, Abrasion, Stripping and
Bulk Specific Gravity)
1-F, Fractured Face
B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity:
Using Cut-Back Aspahlat or Asphalt Cement – 1.58 to 2.04 L/sq.m.
Using Emulsified Asphalt – 1.58 to 2.04 L/sq.m.
 
Tests: Same as for item 301
B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity:
Using Cut-Back Aspahlat or Asphalt Cement – 1.58 to 2.04 L/sq.m.
Using Emulsified Asphalt – 1.58 to 2.04 L/sq.m.
 
Tests: Same as for item 301
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
A. Aggregates
 
Quantity:
1. Using Asphalt Cement or Rapid Curing
Coarse (Crushed) - 90 kg/sq.m.
Key (Crushed) (13 & 11) - 24 kg/sq.m.
Cover (Crushed or screened) - 8 kg/sq.m.
 
2. Using emulsified Asphalt
Coarse (Crushed) - 90 kg/sq.m.
Choker (Crushed) - 10 kg/sq.m.
Key (Crushed) (10 & 8) - 18 kg/sq.m.
Cover (Crushed or screened) - 8 kg/sq.m.
 Tests: Same as for Item 304
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE

B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity: 7.2 to 11 L/sq.m.
 
Tests: Same as for Item 401
 
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 306 –Bituminous road Mix Surface Coarse
 
A. Aggregates
Tests: same as for Item 304
 
B. Bituminous Materials
Quantity:
Using Cut-back Asphalt – 4.5 to 7.0 mass % of total dry aggregate
Using emulsified Asphalt – 6.0 to 10.0 mass % of total dry aggregate
 
Tests: Same as for Item 301
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
C. Mix
Tests: For every 75 cu.m. / 130 t or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-Ext., Extraction
1-Sty., Stability
1-C, Laboratory Compaction
D. Hydrated Lime
 For every 100 t or fraction thereof:
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test
 
E. Compacted Pavement
For each full day’s operation:
 Tests: D & T (Density and Thickness Tests) – at least one (1) but not
more than three (3) samples shall be taken.
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 307 – Bituminous Plant – Mix Surface Course – General
 
A. Aggregates
Tests:
For every 75 cu.m./200 t or fraction thereof:
1-G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests
 
For every 1500 cu.m. of fraction thereof:
1-Q, Quality Test for: (Grading, Plasticity, Abrasion, Stripping and
Bulk Specific Gravity)
1-F, Fractured Face
 
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity: 5.0 to 8.0 mass % of total dry aggregate
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for each 40 t or fraction thereof
 
C. Mix
Tests: For every 75 cu.m./130 t or fraction thereof:
 
1-G, Grading Test
1-Ext., Extraction
1-Sty., Stability
1-C, Laboratory Compaction
 
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
D. Hydrated Lime
Tests: For every 100 t or fraction thereof:
 
E. Mineral Filler
Tests: For every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof
1-G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests (LL, PL, PI)
 
F. Compacted Pavement
Tests: for each full day’s operation
D & T (Density and Thickness Tests) – at leats one (1) but not
More than three (3) samples shall be taken.
 
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 308 – Bituminous Plant – Mix Surface Course, Cold-Laid
 
A. Aggregates
Tests: Same as for Item 307

B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity: 1. Using Cut-Back Asphalt 4.5 to 7.0 mass percent of
total dry aggregate
2. Using Emulsified Asphalt – 6.0 to 10.0 mass percent
of total dry aggregate
 
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for every 40t or 200 drums
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
C. Mix
Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
 
D. Hydrated Lime
Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
E. Mineral Filler
 
For every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof
Tests: 1-G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests (LL, PL, PI)
 
F. Compacted Pavement
Tests: Tests: Same as for Item 307
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 309 – Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture)
 
A. Aggregates
Tests: Same as for Item 307

B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity: 4 to 10 mass % of total mix
 
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for every 40 t or 200 drums
 
C. Mix
Tests: Same as for Item 307
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
D. Hydrated Lime
Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
 
E. Mineral Filler
Tests: Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
F. Compacted Pavement
Tests: Tests: Same as for Item 307
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid
 
A. Aggregates
Tests: Same as for Item 307

B. Bituminous Materials
 
Quantity: 5.0 to 8.0 mass % of total dry aggregate
 
C. Mix
Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
 
D. Hydrated Lime
Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
E. Mineral Filler
Tests: Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
F. Compacted Pavement
Tests: Tests: Same as for Item 307
 
 PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
Materials Min. Testing Req. Minimum Quality/Vol.
Of Material for each
Sample submitted

a. Asphaltic Materials 1-Sample for 40 tonnes 5-liters

or 200 drums
b. Asphalt Mix 1-sample per 130 tonnes 20 kg (Complete)
c. Aggregates 1-Sample per 1500 cu.m. 70 kg – C.A.
50 – F.A.
d. Joint Filler (pre-molded) (400 mm x 400 mm)
 PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
EXAMPLE:
Item 310 – bit. Concrete Surface Course
Quantity: 5,185 M.T.
 
a. AGGREGATES = 5,185 m.t. x 75 cu.m. = 1,944 cu.m.
200 m.t.
For every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereof
1 - G & P, Grading and Plasticity Test
For every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereof
1 – Q & F, Quality Test & Fracture Face
 
No. of G & P = 1944 cu.m. = 25.92 = 26 G & P
75 cu.m.
 
No. of G & P = 1944 cu.m. = 25.92 = 26 G & P
1500 cu.m.
 PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
b. Bituminous Materials:
A.C. @ 6% = 5185 x 0.06 = 311 m.t.
1 – Quality Test for every 40 m.t. of Fraction thereof
No. of Q = 311 = 7.775 = 8 Q
40
 
c. Mix
for every 130 m.t., I- G, Extraction, Stability, Compaction
 
= 5185 m.t. 39.88 = 40 G, Grading
130 m.t. 40 – Ext., Extraction
40 – Sty., Stability
40 – C, Compaction
 PERT E – SURFACE COURSE
d. Mineral Filler
for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof 1-G & P
 
1944 cu.m. x 0.05 = 97.2 cu.m. = 1.29 2 – G & P
75 cu.m.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPACTED MIX
Sp. Gr. (Bulk) Gmb _____ Wt. In Air________
(ASTM-D2726) Wt. In SSD –Wt. In Water
 
THEORETICAL MAX. DENSITY (Gmm) = Pmm
Ps + Pb
Gse Gb
 
 
Pmm = 100
Ps = % Aggregates by wt. Of mix
Pb = % Asphalt by wt. Ofmix
Gse – Effective Sp. Gr. Of aggregates
Gb – Sp. Gr. Of Asphalt
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPACTED MIX
% Air voids = Gmm - Gmb x 100
Gmm
 
% VMA = Total vol. Of mix of Aggregates
 
= 100 - Gmb x % Aggregates
Sp. Gr. Of Aggregates
 
% VFA = 100 (VMA VA)
VMA