UNIVERSITY

DESIGN OF OF NAIROBI
A BIOLOGICAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE
ENVIRONMENTAL & BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM (USING AN
ANAEROBIC BAFFLE REACTOR – CONSTRUCTED
WETLAND SYSTEM)
< CASE STUDY OF KISERIAN
SLAUGHTERHOUSE>

Mwangi Simon Thuku

F21/2492/2009
Supervisors : Mr. Orodi Odhiambo
Eng. D. A. Mutuli
 BACKGROUND
Approximated slaughterhouse waste content and NEMA
standards for disposal into the environment

Waste Content Slaughterhouse NEMA Disposal

(approx.) Standards
BOD 5days at 20 oC 1000 – 4000 mg/L 30 mg/l
COD 2000 – 10000 mg/L 50 mg/l
Oil and grease High Nil
Total Suspended Solids 200 – 1500 mg/L 30 mg/l

Total Nitrogen 100mg/l

Johns et al., 1995; Manjunath et al., 2000, NEMA
 BACKGROUND Cont’d
Treatment Options

Anaerobic treatment + activated sludge

Anaerobic treatment + contact aeration

Activated sludge + chemical coagulation

Contact aeration + chemical coagulation.

 PROBLEM STATEMENT
• This waste water flows to R.
Kiserian and eventually gets to
Kiserian Dam.

• This causes eutrophication and

anoxia in the water bodies.

• Waste from slaughterhouses

also leads to air and soil
pollution

Pre- treated Wastewater getting into the streams

Parameter pH TSS, mg/l TDS, mg/l COD, mg/l BOD5mg/l NH4+N (N)mg/l

Content 7.75 2315.25 3070 3262.5 936.25 141.5

Site Analysis
• Kiserian is a settlement in
Kajiado county

• Habitants are mainly

pastoralist community

• Warm and Temperate

climate.

• Rainfall =833mm

• Temperature = 17.8
 OBJECTIVES
Overall objective
To design a biological slaughterhouse wastewater
treatment system
Specific Objectives
i.To analyze the amount and the content of
wastewater
ii.To establish pertinent parameters for design of a
biological slaughterhouse waste water treatment
system.
iii.To use the parameters from (ii) to size the baffle
reactor and the constructed wetland.
 STATEMENT OF THE
SCOPE
 Survey work
 Carrying out tests

 Determination of System Design Parameters

 Making detailed engineering drawings

Literature review
Treatment Process ( primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment)
Why anaerobic?
Anaerobic Baffle reactor (improved septic tank)
Constructed Wetland
 Methodology
Soil and waste Laboratory tests
Survey (soil & waste
water sampling
water)

Determining the
ABR volume
efficiency of Result analysis
determination
ABR

Structural
Designing the
design of the
wetland
ABR
 Theoretical Framework
Chemical oxygen demand,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD5,mg/L =
Design Criteria for an
Hydraulic Retention time, HRT
Sludge Accumulation Rate, SAR
Sludge and Scum Accumulation
Volume
Desludging interval
Number of upflow chamber, N
Maximum upflow velocity, v
Anaerobic baffle reactor
>24 hours at maximum sludge
depth and scum accumulation
Depending on TSS removal rate
and waste water flow
Sludge Accumulation Rate
multiplied by flow rate
>1 year
>2
1.4 – 2m/h
Sasse (1998), Wanasen (2003), Foxon et al., (2004) etc
 Results
Parameter (ABR)m Formula Results

Flow rate, Q (200 x C) + ( 100 x S) 14.5m3/day

Length of upflow chamber, Lc =< half depth 1m

Maximum Peak Upflow Velocity, Vp Q/t 2.4167m3/h

Area of upflow chamber, Au Vp/v 1.343m2

Width of the chamber, Cw Cw/Lc 1.343m2 ≈2m

Actual upflow velocity, Va Vp/(Lc x Cw) 1.208 m/h

Actual working volume, V Cw x d x (Lc+ Ld)N 30 m3

Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT V/Q 2 days

BOD removal BODeff = BODin e- Kt x T 135.18 mg/l

Organic Loading Rate (CODin x Q)/ V 1.314 kg COD/m3.d

 Results Cont’d

Parameter Value Results

BOD5 removal, percent 80 to 90% 93.625mg/l

COD removal , mass 1.6 x BOD5, removal 1348.2mg/l

Biogas production 0.5m3/kg COD removed 9.77 m3

Methane production 0.35m3/kg COD removed 6.84m3

Leslie C.P. et al, 1999

 Results Cont’d
Parameter (CW) Formulae
Water Budget Qe = Qi + (P – ET) As
Surface Area of the system, As As = (Qave(ln Co – ln Ce))/Kt x d x n
Aspect Ratio between 2:1 to 3:1 (Mitsch et.al 2007)
Retention Time ,t (Lwyn)/Q (Crites et.al, 2006)
Bed Slope 0.5% to 1%

Qi =
14.5m3/d y = 0.7 m

126.22
A = m2
t = 1.85 days
s
width = 7.94 m dh = 0.01 x 15 = 0.15m
Length = 2 x 9 = 16 m slope is taken to be 1.5
Drawings
Drawings
Drawings
Drawings
Drawings
 Conclusion
• Objectives of the design project were met.

• slaughterhouse wastewater was observed to have high content of waste.

•The BOD5 removal efficiency for the ABR was found to be 90% (i.e. from
936.25mg/l to 93.625mg/l) with a HRT of 2.38days. The organic lading in the
ABR was found to be 1.314 kg COD/m3.d (should range between 1 – 3 kg
COD/m3.d).

•The CW reduced the concentration of nitrates in the waste water from 141.5
mg/l to 100 mg/l and the BOD from 93.625mg/l to 15.62mg/l.

•System was found to have a 98.4% BOD reduction

 Recommendations
•The first compartment of the ABR should be modified and increased in size to
trap as much solids as possible.

•The ABR should be made air tight and a system to improve/increase the pressure
of the biogas in the reactor to allow gas collection otherwise the first compartment
can be constructed in such a way that it has a gas holder and made airtight (shape
of a fixed dome).

•A gradient should be created between the ABR and the CW so as to utilize gravity
as the driving force.

•Wastewater monitoring/ testing should be done on a regular basis in order to

ensure that the content of waste flowing to the stream conforms with the NEMA
standards and as a way of monitoring the performance of the system.
 References
• Muench, E. (2008): Overview of anaerobic treatment options for sustainable
sanitation systems. In: BGR Symposium "Coupling Sustainable Sanitation and
Groundwater Protection".

• Bachmann, A., Beard, VL. and McCarty, PL. (1985). Performance

Characteristics of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor. Water Research 19 (1): 99–
106.

• Sergio S. Domingos (2011), Thesis on Vertical flow constructed wetlands for

the treatment of inorganic industrial wastewater, Murdoch University WA,
Australia.

• Morel A. and Diener S. (2006). Greywater Management in Low and Middle-

Income Countries, Review of diff erent treatment systems for households or
neighbourhoods. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
(Eawag). Dubendorf, Switzerland.

• Nijaguna B.T. (2002), Biogas Technology, New Age International (P) Limited,
New Delhi.
 References
• Rustige H &Platzer Chr. (2000),Nutrient Removal in Subsurface Flow
Constructed Wetlands for Application in sensitive Regions in: Proceedings – 7th
Int. Conf. On Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Orlando, USA
 
• Leslie Grady .C, Glen .T, (1999), Biological Wastewater treatment, 2nd ed, Maral
Dekker ,Inc, New York
 
• Foxon KM, Pillay S, Lalbahadur T, Rodda N, Holder F, Buckley CA (2004) The
anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR): An appropriate technology for on-site
sanitation. Water South Africa 30, 44-50.
 
• Lawrence A.W. and McCarty p.L (1970): Unified basis for biological Treatment
Design and Operation. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. CivEngrs.
 
• Walter R.H., Shermah R.M. and Downing D.L. (1974): Reduction in Oxygen
demand of abattoir effluent by Precipitation with metal. J. Agric. Fd Chem
THANK
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