PLAGIARISM: BEWARE

DR ZUL ZAKIYUDDIN
Famous cases
Famous cases
 DEFINITION
Plagiarism is derived from two Latin words

 plagiarius which means an abductor,

 and plagiare which means to steal.

Plagiarism and copyright infringement are two important ethical issues in research.
Plagiarism, which is a form of cheating, unethical misconduct, and academic
dishonesty, has been widely examined in previous studies (e.g., East, 2010; Hansen,
Stith, & Tesdell, 2011; Gullifer & Tyson, 2010).
 Full Plagiarism:
This is also known as 'complete
plagiarism'. Whenever a writer
copies the content from another TYPES OF
source as it is, it is called full
plagiarism. PLAGIARISM
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 Partial Plagiarism:
When a person combines data from
two or three different sources in his
work, it amounts to partial
plagiarism. This kind of plagiarism TYPES OF
pertains to copying someone else's
work, not fully, but partly.
PLAGIARISM
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 Minimalistic Plagiarism:
Minimalistic plagiarism is done when
a person paraphrases the same
content but in a different flow. Read TYPES OF
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PLAGIARISM
rent-types-of-plagiarism.html
 Mosaic Plagiarism:
This kind is most common among
students. Instances of mosaic
plagiarism occur mostly due to lack
of knowledge or ignorance about
plagiarism, and the ways to avoid it.
When a person changes the
construction of the sentence but TYPES OF
does not bother to change the
original wording, it amounts to PLAGIARISM
mosaic plagiarism. The result then, is
that the sentences change, the flow
changes, but the words remain the
same.
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 Source Plagiarism:
Sometimes, the author one is
referring to may have quoted some
other author in his work. Plagiarism
in such cases, takes place when due TYPES OF
credit is not given to the author one
is gathering matter from. Citing PLAGIARISM
primary reference is very important
in such a case.
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 Source Citation:
When the complete source
information with quotes is provided,
it does not amount to plagiarism.
However, the definition of a
complete source citation varies in
various contexts. Some writers quote
the name of the source, but provide
no other accessible information.,
while some others very conveniently TYPES OF
provide false references. Some just
merge their information with the
PLAGIARISM
original piece of writing. Instances of
plagiarism take place not only when
the sources are not cited at all, but
also when the sources are
improperly cited.
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rent-types-of-plagiarism.html
 Self-plagiarism:
This type is perhaps the most
contested one, as there is a mixed
opinion about this being a form of
plagiarism. Using one's own work,
fully or partially, or even the same
thoughts and reproducing it in some
form or the other, has been termed TYPES OF
as self-plagiarism by many.
Publishing the same material PLAGIARISM
through different media without
referencing it correctly is a very
common habit among numerous
writers.
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 In Malaysia, there are three Acts
that govern the institution of
higher learning—Educational
Institutions (Discipline) Act 1976 EFFECT AND
(EIDA 1976), Universities &
University Colleges Act 1971 (i.e., CONSEQUENCES…
UUCA 1971), and Private Higher
Learning Educational Institutions
Act 1996 (i.e., PHLEIA 1996).
 an act of plagiarism by a student is
a disciplinary offence.
 For instance, Order 8 Rule (1) of
the EIDA 1976 states that: “a
student shall not make use of the
text of any lecture or instruction Educational
imparted to him in the institution Institutions
except for the purpose of pursuing
his course of study; in particular he (Discipline) Act
shall not reproduce in a any
manner the whole or any part of
1976 (EIDA 1976)
such text for the purpose of
publication, distribution or
circulation, whether for payment or
not.”
 Educational Institutions (Discipline)
Act 1976 (EIDA 1976)

The prohibition against plagiarism is further provided under Order 8A of the same Act, which states
that plagiarism includes the act of taking an idea, writing, data or invention of another person and
claiming that the idea, writing, data or invention is the result of one’s own findings or creation
[Order 8A(2)(a)];
or an attempt to make out or the act of making out, in such a way that one is the original source or
the creator of an idea, writing, data or invention which has actually been taken from some other
source [Order 8A(2)(b].
The provisions in Order 8A(3)(b),(c), and (g) specify that plagiarism also includes incorporating
oneself or allows oneself to be incorporated as a co-author of an abstract, article, scientific or
academic paper, or book, when one has not at all made any written contribution to the works;
forcing another person to include one’s name in the list of co-researchers for a particular research
project or in the list of co-authors for a publication when one has not made any contribution which
may qualify him as a co-researcher or co-author; and translating the writing or creation of another
person from one language to another, whether or not wholly or partly, and subsequently presenting
the translation in whatever form or manner as one’s own writing or creation.
 Thus, it can be concluded from
these legal provisions that if a
student does not play a part or give
any contribution in any research Educational
project, assignment, or any written
submission as required by the
Institutions
university, and yet his name (Discipline) Act
appears as one of the co-authors,
he may be perceived as a 1976 (EIDA 1976)
plagiarist.
 Copyright in contrast does not
involve the question of
acknowledgment or giving
accreditation to the original author.
Because copyright allows a person
who writes, produces or publishes
original work to hold on to the
work as his tangible property for a COPYRIGHT
specific period of time (Green, INFRINGEMENT…
2002; MyIPO, 2012), copyrightlaw
is violated when one produces a ???
work without copyright
permission.
 This means that one is in breach of
copyright law when he fails to
obtain consent from the copyright
holder although he
 In Malaysia, Copyright Act 1987
(CA 1987) provides remedies for
the aggrieved party to obtain legal
redress. When there is a copyright
infringement, the aggrieved party
has a right either to sue for
damages and account for a profit;
or obtain an injunction to THE
discontinue the publication or to
surrender the infringing copies to
CONSEQUENCES…
be destroyed by the copyright
holder (Saunder, 2007).
 Furthermore, CA 1987 provides
provisions for criminal action
against the person who committed
a copyright offence.
 First, a student is deemed to have infringed a
copyright although he has given accreditation
to the original source. In this case, he will be
liable to litigation even though he may not be
penalized as a plagiarist when the work he
produces has substantial resemblance to the
original work.
 Second, there is no copyright infringement if
one uses a copyright work under the concept
of fair dealing. However, such act still falls
under the ambit of plagiarism, even if it is
used for non-profit research, when one fails
to give any accreditation to the original OVERALL
author. Hence, he will be held liable for
plagiarizing other’s work (Tabrez & Ghosh, IMPLICATION
2011).
 Third, although no civil action can be taken
against the plagiarist, a disciplinary action
can be taken against him by the university.
 Fourth, when a student taking an ideas from
a text but he has substantially changing its
content, no action of copyright infringement
can be taken against him; yet, he may be
liable for plagiarism if he failed to give any
acknowledgement to the original source.
 Fifth, as noted under CA 1987, copyright shall subsist
during the lifetime of the author plus fifty years after
his death. Thus, no copyright infringement is
committed if the student copy the original author’s
work after the term end. However, even though the
copyright’s term is ended, the student still committed
an act of plagiarism if he failed to give proper
accreditation to the original source.
 Sixth, even though consent has been obtained by the
student from the original author to produce the work
as his own, but still the act is considered to be
plagiarism as the student has the intention to pass off
the original author’s work as his own (Green, 2002).
 Seventh, student who used his fellow’s student’s work OVERALL
for instance assignment which is not copyrighted can
be perceived as plagiarist even though he cannot be
IMPLICATION
charged under copyright law (Green, 2002).
 Finally, if the student copying the work of others to be
distributed to his fellow students without any intent to
pass the work off as his own cannot be charged as
plagiarist but he may be held liable for infringing the
copyright if it is substantially done (Green, 2002).
SOURCE: Students Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement: A
Malaysian Legal Perspective
Ida Rosnita Ismail, Suria Fadhillah Md Pauzi and Khairul Anuar
Abd Hadi Faculty of Business Management, Universiti
Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia Faculty of Law, Universiti
Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia
 CITE DUE REFERENCES…….BY…..
1. Read and acquire as much knowledge as
possible on the topic you are going to write
on. This will help you understand the key
concepts and the previous researches that
were done in the field.
2. Document each and every source you have
referred to properly and adequately. This
will help you majorly in source citations.
Manage your time properly so that you get
adequate time to research, and then write
your paper or work.
3. Ask someone whenever in doubt, as it is HOW TO
always better to be clear about the
documentation and research work. AVOID…???
4. Do not download or buy essays from
websites, as this can have grave results.
5. Make use of quotation marks while citing
someone else's text word by word. This is a
clear indication that the words are not your
own, and so it does not amount to
plagiarism.
6. Above all, trust your abilities and make sure
what you are doing is right and moral
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