•Chapter 6:

Traffic Control device

and systems
 Introduction
• Traffic control device is the medium used for
communicating between traffic engineer and
road users.
• Here traffic control devices come to the help
of the traffic engineer.
• The major types of traffic control devices used
are- traffic signs, road markings, traffic signals
and parking control.
 Requirements of traffic control devices
The control device should fulfill a need : Each device
must have a specific purpose for the safe and efficient
operation of traffic flow.
It should command attention from the road users:
Visible, clear, distinctive and be placed in such a way
that the driver requires no extra effort to see the sign.
It should convey a clear, simple meaning: is essential
for the driver to properly understand the meaning in
short time.
The use of color, shape and legend as codes becomes
important in this regard, so that even a less educated
driver could understand the message in less time.
 Traffic Signs
Road users must respect the signs: Respect is
commanded only when the drivers are conditioned
to expect that all devices carry meaningful and
important messages.
The control device should provide adequate time
for proper response from the road users: The sign
boards should be placed at a distance such that the
driver could see it and gets sufficient time to
respond to the situation. For example, the STOP
sign which is always placed at the stop line of the
intersection should be visible for at least one safe
stopping sight distance away from the stop line.
 Communication tools
• A number of mechanisms are used by the traffic
engineer to communicate with the road user.
These mechanisms recognize certain human
limitations, particularly eyesight. Messages are
conveyed through the following elements.
 Color: It is the first and most easily noticed
characteristics of a device. The most commonly
used colors are red, green, yellow, black, blue, and
brown .
 Cont..
 Shape : It is the second element discerned by the driver
next to the color of the device. The categories of shapes
normally used are circular, triangular, rectangular, and
diamond shape. Two exceptional shapes used in traffic
signs are octagonal shape for STOP sign and use of
inverted triangle for GIVE WAY (YIELD) sign.
 Legend : This is the last element of a device that the drive
comprehends. This is an important aspect in the case of
traffic signs. Symbols are normally used as legends so that
even a person unable to read the language will be able to
understand that. There is no need of it in the case of traffic
signals and road markings.
 Cont..
 Pattern: It is normally used in the application of
road markings, complementing traffic signs.
Generally solid, double solid and dotted lines are
used. Each pattern conveys different type of
meaning.
 Types of traffic signs
• Mainly classified into three categories.
 Regulatory signs: require the driver to obey the
signs for the safety of other road users.
 Warning signs: are for the safety of oneself who is
driving and advice the drivers to obey these signs.
 Informative signs: provide information to the
driver about the facilities available ahead, and the
route and distance to reach the specific
destinations
In addition special type of traffic sign namely work
zone signs are also available.
 A. Regulatory (mandatory) signs
• These signs are primarily meant for the safety of
other road users. If the driver fails to obey them,
the control agency has the right to take legal
action against the driver. These signs have
generally black legend on a white background.
They are circular in shape with red borders. The
regulatory signs can be further classified into :
Right of way series, Speed series, Movement
series, Parking series, Pedestrian series and
Miscellaneous
 Cont..
• Right of way series: These include two unique
signs that assign the right of way to the selected
approaches of an intersection. They are the STOP
sign and GIVE WAY sign
 Cont..
• Speed series: Number of speed signs may be used
to limit the speed of the vehicle on the road. They
include typical speed limit signs, truck speed,
minimum speed signs etc. Minimum speed limits
are applied on high speed roads like expressways,
freeways etc.
 Cont..
• Movement series: They contain a number of signs that
affect specific vehicle maneuvers. These include turn
signs, alignment signs, exclusion signs, one way signs
etc. Turn signs include turn prohibitions and lane use
control signs. Lane use signs make use of arrows to
specify the movements which all vehicles in the lane
must take. Turn signs are used to safely accommodate
turns in unsignalized intersections.
• Parking series: They include parking signs which
indicate not only parking prohibitions or restrictions,
but also indicate places where parking is permitted,
the type of vehicle to be parked, duration for parking
etc.
 Cont..
• Pedestrian series: They include both legend and symbol
signs. These signs are meant for the safety of pedestrians
and include signs indicating pedestrian only roads,
pedestrian crossing sites etc.
• Miscellaneous: Wide variety of signs that are included in this
category are: a "KEEP OF MEDIAN“ sign, signs indicating road
closures, signs restricting vehicles carrying hazardous cargo
or substances, signs indicating vehicle weight limitations etc.
• Some examples of the regulatory signs are shown in figure 1.
They include a stop sign, give way sign, signs for no entry,
sign indicating prohibition for right turn, vehicle width limit
sign, speed limit sign etc.
Cont..
 B. Warning signs
• Warning signs or cautionary signs give information
to the driver about the impending road condition.
The color convention used for this type of signs is
that the legend will be black in color with a white
background. The shape used is upward triangular
or diamond shape with red borders. Some of the
examples for this type of signs are given in fig 2
and includes right hand curve sign board, signs for
narrow road, sign indicating railway track ahead
etc.
Cont..
 C. Informative signs
• Informative signs also called guide signs, are
provided to assist the drivers to reach their desired
destinations.
• Some of the examples for these type of signs are
route markers, destination signs, mile posts, service
information, recreational and cultural interest area
signing etc. Route markers are used to identify
numbered highways. They have designs that are
distinctive and unique. Informative sign are, in
general, rectangular with the long dimension in the
horizontal direction. They are color coded as white
letters with green background.
 Cont..
• Mile posts are provided to inform the driver about
the progress along a route to reach his destination.
• Service guide signs give information to the driver
regarding various services such as food, fuel,
medical assistance etc. They are written with white
letters on blue background. Information on
historic, recreational and other cultural area is
given on white letters with brown background. In
the
• figure 3 we can see some examples for informative
signs which include route markers, destination
signs, mile posts, service centre information etc..
Cont..
 Road markings
• The essential purpose of road markings is to guide
and control traffic on a highway. They supplement
the function of traffic signs. The markings serve as a
psychological barrier and signify the delineation of
traffic path and its lateral clearance from traffic
hazards for the safe movement of traffic. Hence
they are very important to ensure the safe, smooth
and harmonious flow of traffic.
• Various types of road markings like longitudinal
markings, transverse markings, object markings and
special markings to warn the driver about the
hazardous locations in the road etc.
 Cont..
• The road markings are defined as lines, patterns,
words or other devices, except signs, set into
applied or attached to the carriageway or kerbs or
to objects within or adjacent to the carriageway,
for controlling, warning, guiding and informing the
users. The road markings are classified as
longitudinal markings, transverse markings, object
markings, word messages, marking for parkings,
marking at hazardous locations etc.
 A. Longitudinal markings
• Longitudinal markings are placed along the direction of traffic
on the roadway surface, for the purpose of indicating to the
driver, his proper position on the roadway. Longitudinal
markings are provided for separating traffic flow in the same
direction and the predominant color used is white.
• Yellow color is used to separate the traffic flow in opposite
direction and also to separate the pavement edges.
• The lines can be either broken, solid or double solid.
• Broken lines are permissive in character and allows crossing
with discretion, if traffic situation permits.
• Solid lines are restrictive in character and does not allow
crossing except for entry or exit from a side road or premises
or to avoid a stationary obstruction.
 Cont..
• Double solid lines indicate severity in restrictions
and should not be crossed except in case of
emergency. There can also be a combination of solid
and broken lines. In such a case, a solid line may be
crossed with discretion, if the broken line of the
combination is nearer to the direction of travel.
Vehicles from the opposite directions are not
permitted to cross the line.
• Different types of longitudinal markings are centre
line, traffic lanes, no passing zone, warning lines,
border or edge lines, bus lane markings, cycle lane
markings.
 Cont..
• Centre line : separates the opposing streams of traffic and
facilitates their movements. Usually no centre line is
provided for roads having width less than 5 m and for roads
having more than four lanes.
• On urban roads with less than four lanes, the centre line may
be single broken line segments of 3 m long and 150 mm
wide. The broken lines are placed with 4.5 m gaps (figure 4).
• On curves and near intersections, gap shall be reduced to 3
meters. On undivided urban roads with at least two traffic
lanes in each direction, the centre line marking may be a
single solid line of 150 mm wide as in figure 5, or double
solid line of 100 mm wide separated by a space of 100 mm
as shown in figure 6.
 Cont..

Figure 7: Centre barrier line marking for four lane road

 Cont..
Traffic lane lines
• The subdivision of wide carriageways into separate
lanes on either side of the carriage way helps the
driver to go straight and also curbs the meandering
tendency of the driver. At intersections, these traffic
lane lines will eliminate confusion and facilitates
turning movements.
• Thus traffic lane markings help in increasing the
capacity of the road in addition ensuring more safety.
The traffic lane lines are normally single broken lines of
100 mm width. Some examples are shown in figure 8
and figure 9.
 Cont..
No passing zones
• are established on summit curves, horizontal curves, and on
two lane and three lane highways where overtaking
maneuvers are prohibited because of low sight distance.
• It may be marked by a solid yellow line along the centre or a
double yellow line. In the case of a double yellow line, the left
hand element may be a solid barrier line, the right hand may
be a either a broken line or a solid line . These solid lines are
also called barrier lines. When a solid line is to the right of the
broken line, the passing restriction shall apply only to the
opposing traffic. Some typical examples are shown in figure 10
and figure 11.
• In the latter case, the no passing zone is staggered for each
direction.
 Cont..
• Warning lines: warn the drivers about the
obstruction approaches.
• They are marked on horizontal and vertical curves
where the visibility is greater than prohibitory
criteria specified for no overtaking zones. They
are broken lines with 6 m length and 3 m gap. A
minimum of seven line segments should be
provided. A typical example is shown in figure 12.
 Cont..
• Edge lines: indicate edges of rural roads which have no
kerbs to delineate the limits upto which the driver can
safely venture.
• They should be at least 150 mm from the actual edge
of the pavement.
• They are painted in yellow or white.
• All the lines should be preferably light reflective, so
that they will be visible during night also.
• Improved night visibility may also be obtained by the
use of minute glass beads embedded in the pavement
marking materials to produce a retroreflective surface.
 B. Transverse markings
• Transverse markings are marked across the
direction of traffic. They are marked at intersections
etc. Stop line markings, markings for pedestrian
crossing, direction arrows, etc. are some of the
markings on approaches to intersections.
• Stop line : indicates the position beyond which the
vehicles should not proceed when required to stop
by control devices like signals or by traffic police.
They should be placed either parallel to the
intersecting roadway or at right angles to the
direction of approaching vehicles. An example for a
stop line marking is shown in figure 13.
 Cont..
• Pedestrian crossings: are provided at places where the
conflict between vehicular and pedestrian traffic is severe.
The site should be selected that there is less inconvenience
to the pedestrians and also the vehicles are not interrupted
too much.
• At intersections, the pedestrian crossings should be
preceded by a stop line at a distance of 2 to 3m for
unsignalized intersections and at a distance of one metre
for signalized intersections.
• Most commonly used pattern for pedestrian crossing is
Zebra crossing consisting of equally spaced white strips of
500 mm wide. A typical example of an intersection
illustrating pedestrian crossings is shown in figure 14.
 Cont..
Directional arrows
• In addition to the warning lines on approaching
lanes, directional arrows should be used to guide
the drivers in advance over the correct lane to be
taken while approaching busy intersections. Because
of the low angle at which the markings are viewed
by the drivers, the arrows should be elongated in
the direction of traffic for adequate visibility.
• The dimensions of these arrows are also very
important. A typical example of a directional arrow
is shown in figure 15.
 C. Object marking
• Physical obstructions in a carriageway like traffic island or
obstructions near carriageway like signal posts, pier etc.
cause serious hazard to the flow of traffic and should be
adequately marked. They may be marked on the objects
adjacent to the carriageway.
Objects within the carriageway
• The obstructions within the carriageway such as traffic
islands, raised medians, etc. may be marked by not less
than five alternate black and yellow stripes. The stripes
should slope forward at an angle of 45 with respect to
the direction of traffic. These stripes shall be uniform and
should not be less than 100 m wide so as to provide
sufficient visibility.
 Cont..
Objects adjacent to carriageway
• Sometimes objects adjacent to the carriageway may pose some
obstructions to the flow of traffic.
• Objects such as subway piers and abutments, culvert head walls etc. are
some examples for such obstructions. They should be marked with
alternate black and white stripes at a forward angle of 45 with respect to
the direction of traffic.
• Poles close to the carriageway should be painted in alternate black and
white up to a height of 1.25 m above the road level. Other objects such
as guard stones, drums, guard rails etc. where chances of vehicles hitting
them are only when vehicle runs of the carriageway should be painted in
solid white. Kerbs of all islands located in the line of traffic flow shall be
painted with either alternating black and white stripes of 500 mm wide
or chequered black and white stripes of same width. The object marking
for central pier and side walls of an underpass is illustrated in figure 16.
 D. Word messages
• Information to guide, regulate, or warn the road user may also
be conveyed by inscription of word message on road surface.
Characters for word messages are usually capital letters.
• The legends should be as brief as possible and shall not consist
of more than three words for any message.
• Word messages require more and important time to read and
comprehend than other road markings. Therefore, only few and
important ones are usually adopted. Some of the examples of
word messages are STOP, SLOW, SCHOOL, RIGHT TUN ONLY etc.
• The character of a road message is also elongated so that driver
looking at the road surface at a low angle can also read them
easily. The dimensioning of a typical alphabet is shown in figure
17.
 E. Parking
• The marking of the parking space limits on urban roads
promotes more efficient use of the parking spaces and
tends to prevent encroachment on places like bus stops,
fire hydrant zones etc. where parking is undesirable.
• Such parking space limitations should be indicated with
markings that are solid white lines 100 mm wide.
• Words TAXI, CARS, SCOOTERS etc. may also be written if
the parking area is specific for any particular type of
vehicle.
• To indicate parking restriction, kerb or carriage way
marking of continuous yellow line 100 mm wide covering
the top of kerb or carriageway close to it may be used
 F. Hazardous location
• Wherever there is a change in the width of the road, or
any hazardous location in the road, the driver should be
warned about this situation with the help of suitable
road markings.
• Road markings showing the width transition in the
carriageway should be of 100 mm width. Converging
lines shall be 150 mm wide and shall have a taper length
of not less than twenty times the off-set distance.
• Typical carriageway markings showing transition from
wider to narrower sections and vice-versa is shown in
figure 18. In the figure, the driver is warned about the
position of the pier through proper road markings.
Cont..
 Regulatory measures for traffic management
• Regulatory traffic management has its basis in law,
and uses mandatory and prohibitory traffic signs
and markings to inform drivers regarding what they
must and must not do in relation to speed,
movement and waiting.
• Regulatory measures of particular interest include
speed limits, restrictions on turning movements,
the closure or one-way operation of streets, tidal-
flow operation of major roads, priority for high
occupancy vehicles, and on-street waiting
restrictions and parking control.
 i. Speed limits
• The evidence is overwhelming that the number and severity of
road accidents increase with vehicle speed.
• Properly implemented maximum speed limits modify speeding
behavior and the downward change generally reduces the
number and severity of accidents by:
- shortening the distances required to stop vehicles safely,
- ensuring that more moving vehicles maintain at least the
minimum desirable clearance distances between them to avoid
rear-end collisions,
- maximizing the available skid resistance (the skidding resistance
offered by a wet carriageway surface decreases as a vehicle's
speed increases), and
- making it easier for pedestrians to judge when it is safe to cross
a road.
 Cont..
Factors which should be taken into account when establishing a
speed limit include:
the design speed of the road,
prevailing vehicle speeds,
road cross-section, curvature, gradient and (quality of) surfacing,
frequency and spacing of intersections,
traffic volume and composition,
accident history,
presence/absence of pedestrians and/or of parking/unparking
vehicles, and
traffic control devices that affect/are affected by vehicle speeds.
As a guide, the imposed speed limit should not be much less than
the 85th percentile speed distribution measured, and it should
never be greater than the design speed of the road section.
 ii. Restriction of turning movements
• Congestion and accidents caused by left-turning
vehicles at signal-controlled intersections are
usually coped with by inserting an extra phase or
early cut-off and late start arrangements in the
signal cycle.
• In some instances it may be preferable to ban left-
turning vehicles at a critical intersection during all
or part of the day, rather than attempt to provide
directly for this movement.
 iii. One way streets
• One-way traffic operation is a simple regulatory tool
available for the relief of traffic congestion which does
not require expensive policing.
• Its most effective usage is on streets in and about the
central areas of towns.
• Advantages of one-way operation include:
- road capacity is increased, with the amount depending
upon the conditions prevailing locally, e.g.
the distribution of the previous two-way flow, the street
width, and the turning movements at intersections
- odd lanes which were not usable previously can be
fully utilised
 Cont..
- slow-moving/stopped vehicles are more safely overtaken
- turning movements at intersections are not delayed by
opposing traffic
- journey times and delays are reduced through more efficient
traffic-signal timing and
- higher vehicle speeds
- the linking of traffic signals is facilitated
- public transport operation is more reliable
- overall there is generally a reduction in vehicle-vehicle and
pedestrian vehicle accidents at intersections, and mid-block
head-on accidents are eliminated
- parking is facilitated (in terms of increased numbers of places
and ease of parking).
 Cont..
Disadvantages of one-way operation include:
- vehicles generally travel further to reach their destinations
- public transport stops for the opposing direction of travel have to be
relocated, and walking distances to/from stops increased
- the severity of non-head-on accidents is increased because of higher
speeds
- mid-block weaving accidents may increase
- non-local motorists may become confused and additional signs,
markings, channelisation and signal indications may be required to deal with
unanticipated vehicle movements
- displaced traffic have to be routed to a complementary street through
residential areas, thereby causing increased speeds, loss of amenity and
more accidents in these locales.
- One-way street operation is most easily introduced into an urban area
with a gridiron street pattern; with radial and linear street systems suitable
complementary streets may not be available to take displaced traffic.
 iv. Tidal-flow operation
• Tidal-flow operation is a traffic management tool whereby
the total carriageway width is shared between two directions
of travel in near proportion to the flow in each direction.
• The number of lanes assigned to each direction of travel
varies with the time of day so that extra capacity is provided
to the heavier traffic flow during, typically, peak com- muter
periods.
• The great advantage of tidal-flow operation is that extra
capacity is provided on the same road at the time required
and, unlike one-way streets, traffic in the minor direction
doesn’t have to move to a complementary street.
• Its usage particularly applicable to heavily trafficked bridges,
tunnels and radial roads in urban areas.
 Cont..
• Disadvantages of tidal-flow schemes include:
- their implementation can be expensive
- poor implementation can result in increasing
numbers of head-on accidents
- central pedestrian refuges have to be removed
- no-parking restrictions are normally imposed
- Right turns from minor roads may have to be
banned.
- this type of operation normally cannot be applied
to roads divided by central reservations.
 v. Priority for high-occupancy vehicles
• The use of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities,
which focus on increasing the person-movement
efficiency of a road or travel corridor, is aimed at
addressing traffic congestion and environmental
concerns as well as reducing the delays to buses
and increasing their reliability.
• A variety of HOV treatments are currently in
operation worldwide; they include busways (bus
roads) on separate rights of way, exclusive lanes,
and priority for HOVs at intersections.
 vi. Waiting restrictions and parking control
• The main functions of a road are to provide for the safe and
efficient movement people and goods in vehicles, and to provide
access for adjacent properties. Thus, ideally, all stopping and
parking of vehicles should take place off the carriageway. In
practice, of course, this is not possible and vehicles are
permitted to stop and to park the curbside unless it is
specifically prohibited. Although convenient for motorists, on-
street parking contributes to accidents.
• Curb parking also reduces the traffic capacity of a street as part
of the carriageway width is lost for movement purposes and
frictions are caused by parking maneuvers in the lane next to
the parking lane.
 Cont..
• Road locations where stopping/waiting/parking should not
be permitted for safety and/or capacity reasons include:
- on approaches to or departures from major intersections and
at-grade rail crossings
- at or immediately adjacent to pedestrian crossings, fire
hydrants, and public transport lanes and stops
- in front of driveways
- where double 'no-overtaking' lines are provided at the centre
of the carriageway
- at locations which might interfere with the movement of
emergency vehicles, e.g. at hospitals, ambulance and fire
stations
- in tunnels, on bridges, or on narrow streets.
 Cont..

• Note: all regulatory traffic

management measures are/ must
be accompanied by appropriate
traffic signs and road markings as
well as their enforcement require
critical attention.
 Physical methods of traffic calming
• By physical methods of control are meant those
procedures which are essentially self policing in terms
of their influence on vehicular behavior.
• They include the application of what is now known as
traffic calming to existing roads, as well as the use of
pedestrian crossings and precincts, and cycle routes.
• Traffic calming is a generic term used to describe
changes to the horizontal and/or vertical alignments
of existing roads in built-up areas, e.g. in residential
and shopping areas, in order to reduce the speeds of
motor vehicles.
 Cont..
• The main objectives underlying traffic calming are
to:
- reduce the higher speeds of vehicles in the traffic
stream(s)
- create road conditions which encourage motorists
to drive carefully and calmly
- remove extraneous car and commercial vehicle
traffic from the road being calmed
- improve amenity and enhance the environment
- reduce accident numbers and severity.
 Types of traffic calming mechanisms
i. Road humps
• The most effective measures used to lower vehicle speeds are
vertical deflectors, commonly known as road humps. Variants of
the standard road humps are known as speed tables and cushions.
• The standard road hump has a circular cross-section with a chord
length (in the direction of travel) of 3.7 m and a height of 50 mm
(minimum) to 100 mm (maximum). This hump may be extended
from curb to curb across the full road width (in which case
alternative, more expensive drainage arrangements must be
made), or with a drainage gap of 200 mm adjacent to each curb.
• Within the road hierarchy, standard road humps are commonly
used on residential access roads when vehicle speeds are
excessive and severe reduction measures are required, and on
distributor roads where lower speeds are required
 Cont..
• Trapezoidal flat-top road humps (also known as raised
tables and speed tables) may be used as an alternative
to circular profile humps. They are often regarded as
being more environmentally acceptable to pedestrians,
as they provide flat crossing places between curbs.
• Flat-top humps are used on the same types of road as
standard circular humps. Particular locations where
they are deemed to be especially useful are outside
schools and shops, at zebra and pelican crossings
(especially across roads where high proportions of the
pedestrians crossing are people with disabilities or with
prams).
 Cont..
Rumble devices
• Rumble strips, rumble areas and jiggle bars are attention-getting
raised areas that are extended across the carriageway. They are
usually less than 15 mm high, and are of a color contrasting with
the road surface.
• The function of a rumble device is to alert drivers to road signage
warning of the need to slow down for particular hazards. It does so
by sending severe vibrations through a crossing vehicle, making the
ride feel very uncomfortable for the driver and passengers.
Gateways
• These are provided at locales where it is desired to inform the
driver of a change in character of the roadway, e.g. at the start of a
traffic calming scheme or at the entry to a village.
• They usually consist of structures carrying signs at the side of the
road and even above it.
 Cont..
Other elements
• Many other engineering elements are used to reduce vehicle speeds in
traffic calming schemes. For example, false roundabouts have been
used on long straight roads at locations where there are no side road
connectors.
• Islands are often used in conjunction with gateways at the start of
traffic calming schemes. Offset islands have been used to help create
chicanes while protecting a cycle lane.
• In many instances landscaping can greatly add to the aesthetic value
and acceptability of a traffic calming scheme to the public.
Pedestrian priority
• The overall aim of traffic calming is to tame the motor vehicle so that its
usage at particular locales is compatible with cyclists and pedestrians.
• In the case of pedestrian priority the aim is to subordinate the motor
vehicle to the pedestrian at particular locales.
 Cont..
Pedestrian consideration
• Pedestrians are the largest single group of road users and
walking is the most used transport mode (because it is
involved in all modes of travel). Pedestrians encompass
people of both sexes and of all ages and socia-economic
groupings. They include people of various degrees of
physical fitness, including the disabled.
• Pedestrians are very vulnerable to serious injury when
involved in a collision with a motor vehicle.
• Walking speeds vary over a wide range, generally
determined by age of pedestrian, purpose of trip, crowd
density and other traffic impediments.
 Cont..
• There are different types of pedestrian facility in the transport system, these
include:
i. Segregated foot way/sidewalk,
ii. At grade pedestrian crossings
- Uncontrolled crossing: zebra crossing is simply a 'mid-block' uncontrolled portion
of the carriageway where the pedestrian has legal priority over the motor vehicle.
The crossing strip is outlined by parallel lines of studs and marked with alternate
black and white.
- Light controlled crossing: In most motorized areas pedestrians are encouraged to
cross with the green lights when opposing vehicular flow is brought to a standstill
at conventional traffic signal controlled intersections. If the pedestrian
movements are heavy additional pedestrian-only stages may be incorporated into
the signal phasing. Or at mid block sections, where the pedestrian volume is high,
pelican crossing (pedestrian light controlled with a zebra crossing) may be used.
iii. Grade separated or segregated crossings: this is the ideal pedestrian crossing,
which eliminates the possibilities of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts; these are of two
types under and overpass (pedestrian crossing bridge).
 Cyclist priority
• Cycle facilities must be taken in to
consideration in line with the physical
methods of traffic calming, these include
provision of cycle routs and cycle paths.