LESSON 4.

1
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL

Concept
Traffic Control. Generally, it refers to procedures, devices, and
communication systems that help vehicles and vessels safety share the
same roads, rails, waterways, or air space. Traffic control establishes
a set of rules and instructions that drivers, pilots, train engineers,
and ship captains rely on to avoid collisions and other hazards. Safe
travel for pedestrians is an additional goal in highway traffic control.
A. Traffic Control as Applied to Land Transportation. A system of
traffic engineering, employing prescribed traffic rules and regulation
and devices such as signals, and marking, to relieve vehicular
congestion and air pollution, and to promote safety and pedestrian
mobility, usually in heavily populated urban areas. In smaller towns,
with lighter traffic, similar but simpler control devices and
engineering techniques are used.
B. Control Techniques. The primary emphasis of traffic control is on the
safe and efficient flow of cars, buses, vans, and lorries over urban
streets and highways. The means of promoting this can vary from simple
improvement of local streets by installing traffic signs and road
markings to constructing comprehensive motorway control systems.
These systems are:
1. Access-road meters to monitor and control motorway;
2. Closed-circuit television surveillance to detect quickly any
deterioration in traffic flow;
3. and Emergency services in case of accident and injury.
C. Other traffic-control techniques include:
1. The use of one-way streets,
2. Enforcement of traffic flow regulations,
3. Channelization (building traffic islands, turning lanes and so on),
and
4. The use of traffic signals.
D. Highway Traffic Control. Motorist depend on traffic control devices
to avoid collisions and travel safely to their destinations. Traffic
control devices for highway travel include signs, signal lights,
pavement markings, and a variety of devices placed on, over, near, or
even under, the roadway.
1. Traffic Signs. Traffics signs are the most extensively used form
of traffic control. They provide information about speed limits and road
conditions. They direct traffic along certain routes and to specific
destinations. By using signs, traffic control planners tell drivers what
to do, what to watch for, and where to drive.
 Traffic signs and road marking follows a uniform practice
throughout the world and are designed to convey information with a
minimum of words to avoid confusing drivers unfamiliar with the area and
the language. Uniform pictorial signs and markings have been adopted
throughout Europe and United States. They include uniform signs formats
and sizes, and uniform codes regulating traffic flow.
2. Pavement Markings. Pavement markings separate opposing streams
of traffic and direct vehicles into proper positions on the roadway. For
example, pavement markings delineate turn lanes at intersections and
establish no-passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily used
for pavement markings. Reflective devices are more visible at night and
are used in some locations to mark lanes and other significant places on
the road.
3. Traffic-Signal. Traffic signals are installed to permit safe
movement of vehicles and pedestrians at busy intersections. The signal
light is probably the most easily recognized traffic control device. At
busy intersection in a large city, a traffic signal may control the
movements of more than 100,000 vehicles per day. More than 60 percent of
all miles driven each year are on roadways controlled by traffic
signals.
Traffic signals direct streams of vehicles and pedestrians when to
go, stop, or proceed with caution. The signals increase the traffic-
handling capacity of most intersections. They can work independently on
timers, or connect to computer controlled system that operates over
several intersections.
4. Priority Control. In one of the oldest method of traffic
control, one form of transportation is given priority by
restricting or banning other forms of transportation. In
the 1st century BC, Roman Emperor Julius Caesar banned
wheel traffic from Rome during daytime, which allowed
pedestrians and horse riders to move freely around the
city. Some modern cities ban or restrict truck travel
through certain neighborhoods.
Bus-lanes and high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes exist
in many urban areas. Only specified types of vehicles,
primarily those carrying several occupants, can use these
lanes. By giving priority to high-occupancy vehicles,
transportation planners encourage carpooling and reduce congestion.
5. Restraints. As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic
control planners use devices to discourage heavy use of a route. Island
built in the centers of intersections force drivers to proceed slowly.
Speed bumps discourage high-speed commuting through residential
neighborhoods. Concrete median strips prevent vehicles from making turns
except at intersections.
Lesson 4.2
Traffic Signs
Concept:
Traffic signs, like traffic signal lights and road markings
are used to convey quickly and accurately the wide range of information
needed by road users, particularly vehicle drivers, and to promote a
safe and efficient use of the road system.
Traffic Signs refer to any device mounted on portable support
whereby a message is conveyed by means of words or symbols officially
installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.
Traffic signs are installed to serve the following functions: 1) to
control traffic, 2) to safeguard the flow of traffic, 3) to expedite
traffic, and 4) to guide traffic and motorists.
Standardization of traffic signs shall conform to the
standards set forth in the erection and display of standard road signs
and markers as prescribed by the DPWH as to shape, color, dimension,
shape, size, height, letterings or symbols. Refer to figure 19-21 for
clearer understanding.
Traffic signs shall be installed only under public authority
or by the official having the jurisdiction for that purpose, and it
shall not bear any commercial advertisement.
A thorough knowledge of traffic signs, signals and road and
pavement marking is necessary to all drivers. Every motorist must be
able to recognize and obey them without hesitation even with the absence
of traffic police office.

A. Historical Background. In Britain, early signpost was erected by

private individuals at their own expense. In 1648, parishes were
required by law to place guideposts at. In 1773, these and milepost
were required to be erected and maintained by Turnpike Trusts. The
Motor Car Act of 1903 made local authorities responsible for
placing certain warning and prohibitory signs.
 With increased international travel after World War II,
discussions took place in the United Nations (UN) on the introduction
of international traffic signs. However, it was not until 1965 that
United Kingdom (UK) signs were changed to conform to the European
system. In 1995, it was estimated that there were 2,500,000 signs and
signals, 850,000,000 road markings, and 7,000,000 roads stud on the
roads in England alone. On the other hand, the United States (US)
adopted signs in the 1970’s and developed a set of national standards
for sign color, shape, and usage.
On June 6,1973, the Philippines through P.D. 207 declared as
part of the laws of the Philippines the UN Vienna Convention on road
traffic, signs, markings and signals. The participating countries to
this Convention have agreed to accept the system of traffic, road
signs, signals and symbols and road markings described in said
convention and to adopt the same to facilitate international road
traffic and to increase road safety.
 B. International Traffic Signs. As explained in the Vienna convention,
the system of signs and signals which it has prescribed is based on
the use of shapes and colors, characteristics of each class of
sign, and whenever possible on the use of graphic symbols rather
than inscriptions with few exceptions one of which is STOP sign of
United States. It has been adopted very likely because it is
understood practically by every motorist regardless of
nationalities. These basic sign shapes are:
1. Round and red sign: regulates the movement of turning and
passing traffic regulations;
2. Round black yellow signs: a warning that you are approaching a
railroad crossing;
3. Equilateral triangle red signs: a sign at the intersection
directing drivers to yield the right-of-way to vehicles in the
road being crossed;
4. Eight-sided (octagonal) red and white stop sign: the most
popular and understood sign by all tongues and colors; and
5. Triangle red and black sign: approaching a danger zone, hill,
slope, winding road, and others.
C. Classification of International Traffic Signs. International
traffic signs are classified into three. These are: 1) danger warning
signs 2) regulator signs, and 3) informative signs.
1. Danger Warning Signs. These signs are also known as “caution
signs”. These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with
one side horizontal and having red borders Numbers 1 to 31 under
Figure 26 are danger warning signs. These are signs intended to:
a) Warn motorists of approaching hazardous road conditions,
b) Seek caution for the approaching road hazards, and
c) Call the reduction of speed
2. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal
restrictions applicable at particular location usually
enforceable in the absence of such signs. These are intended to:
a) Inform road users of certain laws and regulations, and
b) Special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions which
they must comply with and violations of which constitute
misdemeanor.
Regulatory signs are usually round in shape with the exception
of “Stop Signs” and “Yield Signs”. Numbers 32 to 62 on Figure 26 are
regulatory signs. These signs are further classified into two:
a) Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and
b) Mandatory signs
3. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as “guide signs”,
or “direction signs”. The rectangular shape white-colored on
blue background is used for informative signs. Green background
is usually used for route markers and destination signs. Numbers
65 to 67 under figure 26 are informative signs. Informative
signs are intended to:
a) Guide motorists along established routes
 b) Inform the motorists of the proper roads, and
c) Help motorists along the way in the simplest and direct
method.
D. Legend to International Traffic Signs
I. Danger Warning Signs
1. Dangerous Bends
2. Dangerous Left Bend
3. Dangerous Right Bend
4. Dangerous Left Double Bend
5. Dangerous Right Double Bend
6-13 Dangerous Warning Signs to Indicate Road Intersection
14. Approach to Intersection
15. Approach to Intersection, Side Road
16. Approach to Intersection, Merging Traffic
17. Swinging Bridge
18. Traffic Light Signals Ahead
19. Road Works
20. Pedestrian Crossing
21. Animal Crossing
22. Road Narrow
23. Uneven road, Bad Condition
24. Steep Descent
25. Steep Ascent
26. Slippery Road
27. Quay or River
28. Runabout Ahead
29. Two-way Traffic
30. Danger: Falling Rocks
31. Railroad Crossing

II. Regulatory and Restrictive Signs

A. Prohibitive and Restrictive Signs
32. No Entry for All Types of vehicles
33. No Entry for Cars
34. No Entry for Jeeps
35. No Entry for Bicycles
36. No entry for Tricycles
37. No Entry for Buses
38. No Entry for Trucks
39. No Entry for Power Vehicles Drawing Trailers
40. No Entry for Motorcycles
41. No Entry for Pedestrians
42. No Entry for Animal Drawn Vehicles
43. No Entry for Push Carts
44. No Left Turn
45. No Right Turn
46. No U-turn
47. No Parking
48. No Entry for Vehicles having an overall height exceeding specified
figures in meters
49. No Overtaking
50. No Blowing of horns
51. No Entry for Vehicles having an overall width exceeding specified
figures in meters
52. No Entry for Vehicles exceeding in tons’ laden weight
53. No Entry for Vehicles having a weight exceeding a specified figure
in tons on one axle
54. No Entry for Vehicles whose overall length exceeds specified figures
in meters
55. Speed Limit

B. Mandatory Signs
56-61. Directions which vehicles are obliged to follow
62. Compulsory Minimum Speed

C. Priority Signs
63. Stop Sign
64. Yield Sign

III. Informative Signs

65. Directional Sign
66. Place Identification Sign
67. Stop sign for Loading and Unloading
Lesson 4.3

TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

Concept

Traffic Lights. These refer to any power operated traffic control

device by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific
actions. Traffic light signals are used to control traffic at junctions
and also to stop traffic to provide safe crossing points for pedestrians
and cyclists.

The colors of traffic lights are chronologically arranged to give

motorists better view of signal lights. From the top, the series of
color is Red, Yellow, and Green. If there is a left or right arrow, the
color alternated from green, yellow to red and is usually installed at
the left side of the green, yellow and red lights (see figure 27 below).

A. Historical Background. Traffic lights were first introduced on

railways - the American railroads. Their application on the road
came only later. The choice of their colors, internationally
adopted, was not arbitrary. It was the result of traditions,
careful considerations and experience.
1. The Colors. Today, traffic lights are taken for granted. Few
realize the amount of deliberation and the various factors that
lead to their selection.to begin with, fundamental conditions
had to be met:
a. The colors had to be recognized easily, quickly, and
unmistakably.
b. This had to be possible from the considerable distance and
while in motion.
 c. The quality, intensity and contrast of the colors had to be
such that they served their purpose in all weather, day and
night.
2. Red for “Stop”. Red was an obvious choice for “stop”. It had
always represented danger. Fire was red; Blood is red; to shed
it, brought death. It is no wonder that, therefore red became
associated with emergency and with danger.
3. White for “Go”. Though “to give the green light” has become the
proverbial permissive signal in many situation, green was not
the original choice for “go”. White first indicated that the
railroad was safe and that the train could proceed without
danger. After all, white had always been regarded, though
unscientifically so, as a pure and clear color. Consequently, in
the language of symbolism it came to express purity. Therefore,
it was not surprising either that initially it was decided upon
to make it the signal that the line was “clear”.
4. Caution. Two “lights” were to control the running of trains –
white for “go” and red for “stop”. It was then realized that
safety would be served better still by introducing a cautionary
light to warn the driver of an imminent change. Its color once
again was to be determined by considerations of contrast,
distinctiveness and visibility. The eventual choice was green.
At a meeting of railway officials in Birmingham, England,
in 1841, it was finally agreed to make red, green, and white the
standard signals for “danger”, “caution”, and “go ahead”.
5. Green for “Go”. It did not take long for “white” to prove the
wrong color for “go”. Bitter experience taught that it was far
from ideal. Green, after all was a natural color. It was the hue
of all foliage and growing things. Man knew it so well
environmentally that it spelled out to him life, safety and
normality. Like the green sap in a plant, it was a symbolic of
motion, drive and vitality. Therefore, from the very beginning,
it should have been the obvious color for signaling permission
to proceed. Thus, green found its rightful place in the scheme
of traffic lights. All that was needed now was to find
replacement color to “caution” drivers. The (second and final)
choice fell on yellow-amber.
That is how green, yellow, and red became the standard
combination of colors for railroad signals. The New York, New
Havens, and Hartford Railroad, USA, was the first to Introduce
them in 1899.
B. From Rail to Road Traffic. The increase of road traffic in cities
necessitated its regulation. Policemen on point duty did a good
job, but soon were outnumbered by intersections demanding
attention. It became very clear that only mechanical aids could
solve the problem. The traffic authorities did not have to go far
in their search. They simply adopted and adopted – though very
gradually and even before their final standardization - the ready-
made and well-tried system of railroad signals.
C. Rationale. Regulating traffic flow at intersections and road
crossings is just a matter of alternating the GO and STOP signal so
that every driver gets his “fair share”. As a result of this,
traffic lights were invented to relieve the traffic policemen of
the mechanical duties of alternating traffic to make everybody
happy.
During instances wherein traffic officers are directing
traffic at a crossing or intersection equipped with traffic lights,
the INSTRUCTIONS OF THE POLICE OFFICER TAKE PRECEDENCE over the
traffic lights.
D. Problems Concerning Traffic Lights. There are several problems
arising from intersections controlled by traffic lights. These are:
1. Failure to respect traffic laws and regulations
particularly in the absence of traffic law enforcers. In
the Philippine setting, respect to laws (not necessary
traffic laws) needed improvement.
2. When a traffic light suddenly becomes inoperative, very
seldom do order and a sense of discipline prevail. It
always ends up as a massive free for all.
3. Even pedestrians are guilty of disobeying traffic lights by
crossing on DON’T WALK signs. This usually halts traffic.
4. Many times, presence of traffic law enforcers does not
deter pedestrians from disobeying traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
E. Classifications of Traffic Signal Lights. Traffic signal lights are
further classified into three:
1. Traffic Control Signals. These are signal lights designed
primarily to control and regulate traffic flows.
2. Special Pedestrian Signals. These signal lights provide
regulations for pedestrians like the “WALK” and “DO NOT
WALK” signal lights.
3. Train Approach and Gates Signals. These are usually
installed on rail-road intersections designed to inform
motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.
4. Other Special Traffic Signals. These are installed on
traffic ways where special regulations are emphasized like
“YIELD TO VEHCILES COMING FROM THE LEFT”, and other similar
regulations.
F. Specific Meaning of Traffic Lights. To attain more effective and
efficient controlling of traffic, each color of the traffic light
has specific meaning and traffic regulation.
1. Steady RED.
a. STOP at the designated line.
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”.
c. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrians to
cross at the pedestrian lane.
d. Unless specified, you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP
to clear traffic coming from the left.
2. Steady GREEN.
a. GO
 b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to
STOP.
c. Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the pedestrian
lane in front of you.
d. Unless specified, you can move up to the middle
section of the intersection and make a left turn when
clear.
e. Vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the right of way
f. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT.
3. Steady Green Arrow.
a. GO
b. Vehicles turning can left can do so.
c. On coming straight traffic is still RED to give way
for the vehicles turning left.
d. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN ARROW
4. Steady Yellow.
a. PREPARE TO STOP
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and
will be given the GO signal shortly.
c. DO NOT BEAT A YELLOW LIGHT.
5. Flashing RED.
a. This is the same as STOP SIGN.
b. STOP at the designated line.
c. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”.
d. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrians’’ lane.
e. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
6. Flashing YELLOW.
a. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
b. Proceed through the intersection with CAUTION.
c. You have the right of way over a flashing RED LIGHT.
d. Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming
to a FULL STOP.
7. Steady GREEN and Steady Left/Right Arrow.
a. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane
can make a left turn.
b. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane
can make a right turn.
Lesson 4.4

PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS

Concept

Pavement Markings and Markers. The pavements of all main highways

have certain markings to help you drive safely. Those include the center
lines, barrier lines, and directional arrows, depending upon the type of
highways and the needs for such markings to make the road safe under
varying conditions.

A. Pavement Markings (Road Markers) Defined. The LTO termed all

markings on the roadway as “pavement markings”. These pertain to
all lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except signs
set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or
curbing or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially
placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
For DPWH, pavement markings are also called “Road Markers”. DPWH
define the term as referring to any traffic control device marked
on the surface of the carriageway used to regulate traffic or to
warn or guide road users. On the other hand, in the UN Convention
on Road Signs and Signals in 1968 (UN-CRSS), markings on road
surface are either called “Road Surface Markings”, “Carriageway
Markings” or “Road Markings”.
Generally, road makers are used either alone or n conjunction
with other signs or signals to emphasize or clarify their meaning.
Like traffic or road signs, pavement markings are standardized as
to color and location to conform to international standards.
Basically, pavement markings are placed on the roadway to convey
warning or information to the road users without diverting his
attention from the roadway under favorable condition.
B. Types of Pavement Markings and/or Road Markers. Pavement markings
and markers are further classified into the following depending on
their purpose and location of placement. The general
classifications are pavement and curb markings, object markings and
reflectorized markings.
a. Longitudinal Lines - these are markings laid on road pavement
in the direction of travel which include Center Line
(Separation/Barrier Line); Lane Line; (No Trespassing Zone”
Zone Markings; Pavement Edge Line; Continuity Lines; and
Transition Lines.
1) Center Line or Separation Line (a.k.a Barrier Line)- This
is used to separate opposite traffic movements of an
undivided roadway and is generally placed centrally on
 all roads and bridges 6.0 m or more in width. Center or
Separated Lines are either dotted or broken, continuous
or solid, solid with broken (dotted), broken line with
passing lane.

a) Single White Dotted Line. This pavement marking indicates

the following:
 On two-lane road, it separates traffic moving in
opposite directions (see figure 28).
 On a one-way street, it separates traffic moving in
one direction (see figure 28).
 Overtaking is possible when the other lane is clear of
oncoming traffic.
b) Sin
gle

White CONTINOUS Line in a Two-Lane Traffic Way. This line

indicates the following:
 Separates traffic moving in opposite direction (See
figure 28a).
 Could be found in road sections that are dangerous.
 Passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY under
circumstances when there is no oncoming traffic.
c) Single Continuous Line on Four-Lane Road. This sign when
found on four-lane streets, indicates:
 When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by
passing over the solid white line (see figure 29).
 Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes or right lanes) for slow
moving vehicles. Vehicles on this lane should not be
BELOW the minimum speed limit.
 Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes or left lanes) are usually
for faster moving vehicles.
d) Double Yellow Line. The two continuous solid line are
separated by a single white dotted or broken line (See
Figure 30.) this type of pavement marking means:
 ABSOLUTELY NO OVERTAKING
 Overtaking is extremely dangerous
 Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid
lines.

e) Single Yellow/White Line. A yellow or white line with a

dotted white line means: (See figure 31).
 That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your
side.
 If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid
line.
f) Yellow Continuous Line on Road provided with a Passing Lane
(Climbing Lane). This line indicates the following (see
figure 32):
 These are common on mountain roads.
 Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
 Heavy trucks should always use the outer lane (lane 3)
 Inner lane (lane 2) is for vehicles to pass without
having to use the other lane (lane 1) for vehicles
coming from the opposite direction.
 Vehicles coming from the opposite direction (lane 1)
should not use the inner lane (lane 2) at the other
side for overtaking.

2) Lane Line – A lane line is used to separate adjacent

lanes of traffic moving I the same direction (see figures
29&33).
3) “No Passing Zone” Zone Markings – This pertains to areas
on the road that prohibit the passing or overtaking
another vehicle because the drivers’ vision is obstructed
such as in blind curves (horizontal curve, Figure 34) and
uphill road portions (vertical curve, Figure 35). The “No
Passing Zone” is marked by continuous line with a broken
line or if passing is extremely hazardous, the area is
delineated with double solid (continuous) lines.
4) P
a
v
e
m
e
n
t

Edge Line or Edge Line or Curb Line – This line is used

to delineate or demarcate the roadway or carriageway and
the shoulder. This is made of solid white or yellow line.
The presence of edge or curb line also prohibits parking
on both side of the roadway (see figure 36) while absence
of curb line or edge line allows parking either on one
side or both sides of the roadway. (see figure 37).
5) Continuity Lines – These are lines indicating which lane

should be followed by motorists. These are usually marked

on approaching narrow portions of the carriageway or on
uphill approach where passing lanes are provided. Figures
38a to 38e are examples of continuity lines.
6) Transition Lines – These are used to guide traffic safely
past obstructions or roadways such as islands, median
strips, bride priers or indicate changes in the width of
traveled portion of the roadway and an increase or
reduction in traffic lanes. Lane, edge, separation or
continuity lines may be used as transition lines
whichever is appropriate. Transition lines are also
called barrel lines.
 Placement of barrel lines or transition lines is a new concept
in reducing the seriousness of accidents. The barrels are
engineered to act as impact cushion usually installed in front of a
solid obstacle or traffic island at an area of high accident
frequency.
b. Transverse Lines - these markings refer to the “series of
marked (either flat or raised) transverse bars placed across
the road in the direction of traffic flow which are used to
raise awareness of risk through perceptual optical effects,
thus encouraging drivers to reduce their speed in anticipation
of an upcoming hazard”. Examples of transverse lines are stop
lines, give way lines, crosswalks or pedestrian marking.
1) Stop Lines – These are painted across pavement lanes at
traffic signs or signals. Where these lines are present,
you should stop behind the stop line (see figure 41).

2) Give Way Line – Give way or holding lines are markings

consisting of two adjacent white lines across the
carriageways at which drivers must give way to all traffic.
(Figure 42) shows an equilateral triangle mark or symbol on
the lane similar to a “Give Way” sign. The give way line is
 used in conjunction with a broken transverse line on the
approach of an intersection.

3) Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane – this pavement marking

indicates the following (see figure 43): for pedestrian to
cross.
 Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no
traffic light.
 DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane specially to load or
unload passengers.
 Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a
crosswalk.

c. Other Lines. These are road markings painted on the raod

pavement delineating restrictions and regulations and
additiional guidance to road users. These are Turn Lines,
Parking Bay Lines, Painted Median, Loading and Unloading Bay
Lane Line, and “Do Not Block” Intersection’ Lines.
1) Turn Lines – A turn line may be useed to guidevegicles
through a turning movement at intersections. Turn lines, if
used should be so designed as to indicate the proper course
 for turing vehicles without being needlesly confusing to
through traffic or traffic making other turns. The line
generally forms an arc and is positioned on the left-hand
edge of the tuning lane.

2) Parking Bay Lines – This refers to lines where parking is

permitted which is either parallel parking and angle
parking (see figures 46a, 46b, &46c). Angle parking is
provided when there is sufficient space on the roadway. The

right-angle parking is rarely applied on public roads.

3) Painted Median – These are used on wide roads where light

traffic volume cannot justify the installation of solid
curbed Median Island.
4) Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Lines – These are unbroken
white line used to indicate the proper location of loading
and unloading zone for public utility vehicles preferably
with parking restriction.

5) “Do not Block Intersection” Lines – These lines consist of

yellow box within the intersection and yellow diagonal
lines forming a “X” inside the box. These lines shall be
complemented with DO NOT BLOCK INTERSECTION sign.

d) Other Markings – These road markings include Approach

Markings to Islands and Obstructions, Chevron Markings,
Diagonal Markings and Rumble Strips.
 1) Approach Markings to Islands and Obstructions – These
lines are diagonal markings on approaches to
obstructions and median islands and located on the
right side or to both sides of the approach end of
the obstruction. Figure 51 is an example of these
markings.

2) Chevron Markings – These are often used to guide

traffic into the right turning lanes separated by an
island, such as a corner island at a signalized
intersection. Figure 52 is an example of these road
markings.

3) Diagonal Markings – these are placed on sealed

shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where
traffic is not desired.

4) Rumble Strips – it is a type of thermoplastic lane

marking designed to aid and provide motorist with
visual, audio and motion warnings on the road. These
strips are highly visible horizontal lines on the
road hat produce a humming sound and ample bumpy ride
to the motorists when ran over. It promotes better
traffic safety because it stimulates more the human
senses while driving.

LESSON 4.5
TRAFFIC ISLANDS

A. Traffic Islands Defined – These are areas within the roadway

constructed in a manner to establish physical channels through
which vehicular is guided.
B. Functions of Traffic Islands – Traffic islands as part of traffic
control devices are designated to:
1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles; and
2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict,
expedite traffic flow or increase safety.
C. Classifications of Traffic Islands. Traffic islands are classified
according to the design, place of installation, and purpose of
construction.
1. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers). These are constructed
between the pedestrian sidewalk and the road pavement to prevent
pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to prevent
motor vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and passing
purposes (see figure 40).

2. Traffic Islands. These are the raised portion in the middles of

the traffic way constructed to separate the streams of motor
vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the same time
preventing motorists from using the opposite lane for overtaking
(see figure 41.1-41.3) Traffic islands are further sub-
classifies into three (3):
a. Division Islands. These are constructed primarily to divide
streams of the motor vehicles (see figure 41.1).
b. Channelizing Island. These are constructed to channelize or
direct the flow of traffic (see figure 41.2).
c. Rotary Islands. These are constructed along intersections or
“rotundas” for purposes of turning-around (see figure 41.3).
Their functions are:
(1) Prohibit pedestrians from crossing major thoroughfares at
points where such crossing is exceptionally hazardous,
(2) Minimize imprudence and delays to vehicular traffic, and
(3) Channelize and control pedestrians.
LESSON 4.6
OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND AIDS

Concept
The improvements in traffic caused various complexities in traffic
control and traffic direction. The previous standard traffic control
devices have their limits or weaknesses. In this regard, traffic
managers conceived new or additional control devices and aids.
A. Median Barriers. These are usually movable concrete or hard
plastics with/without water inside installed on divided highway
with narrow medians to prevent head-on collision of vehicles and to
restrict, the pedestrians from crossing at any section of the road.

B. Guard Rails. These are safety devices installed at the road side to
protect vehicles, which run out of control from following on steep
slopes or hitting fixed objects.
C. Reflectorized Markers (Cat’s

division lines providing reflections during the night and when

visibility is very low.
 D. Traffic Bollards. These are upright metals, woods, plastics, or any
other hard materials installed along side streets and on parking
areas to limit the movement of motor vehicles.
E. Early Warning

motorists about an emergency-stalled or parked motor vehicle.

F. Traffic Cones. These are usually made of plastic materials or any

lightweight materials used as a replacement or aid to early warning
devices.

G. Curb or Curbstones. These are aligned stones along the sides of the
roads or highways serving as highway or boundary lines.

H.

Close Circuit Televisions (CCTV). These are devices that could assist
traffic enforcers and managers monitor usual and unusual traffic
occurrences. CCTVs are also valuable in the detection,
identification, and apprehension of traffic law violators so the
visible presence of these devices provide general deterrence.
LESSON 5.1
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Concept

Traffic Law Enforcement Defined. Traffic Law Enforcement action is

part of enforcement involving the arrest, issuance of Temporary
Operator’s Permit (TOP) or warning of any person who is believed to have
violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of
traffic roads.

A. Scope of Traffic Law Enforcement. The range of action of traffic

law enforcement includes but not limited to the following:
1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel
obedience to traffic laws and ordinances regulating the
movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating
a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential violators.
2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity
aimed at controlling road users, let behavior by preventive
and persuasive and punitive methods I order to effect a safe
and efficient traffic movement; and
3. It applies to all statutes, ordinances and legally authorized
regulations relating to the use of street and highways and
operation of motor vehicles
B. Two Major Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement. For more effective
traffic law enforcement and more specific roles in enforcement, the
function is divided into the following:
1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement. This function includes the
enforcement of traffic laws deterrent to law violations,
special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental
service to highway users. Usually these are the
responsibilities of traffic enforcers like members of the
PNP-HPG and the LTO Law Enforcement Service (LES).
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. One part of traffic law
enforcement is performed by the court through PROSECUTION,
ADJUDICATION and PENALIZATION of cases. These actions are
usually undertaken by any of the regular courts where
traffic cases fall under their jurisdiction and the Traffic
Adjudication Service (TAS) of the LTO.
C. Three Important Goals of Enforcement Activities. For more specific
actions, enforcement activities aim:
1. To increase safety level. Enforcement effort should be
directed towards the reduction of accidents or minimizing
their effects.
2. To increase traffic efficiency. When traffic violators are
reduced particularly those related to traffic obstruction
through an effective enforcement, there will be free-flow of
traffic.
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment. When there
is an increase safety level and increase traffic efficiency,
 travelling is more comfortable and luxurious and it may reduce
chaotic situations in the traffic way.
D. Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System. In the pursuit of
effective traffic enforcement, three elements are involved.
Removing one of the elements or any of the elements, enforcement is
not complete.
1. Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police
and the courts. Legislation defines and specifies correct or
incorrect road user behavior. Police and the courts are
charged with the responsibility pf insuring that these laws
are adhered to.
2. Road Users System (Traffic Way User). This element includes
pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers, passengers and others.
3. Road System (Traffic System). This area is composed of the
entire road and vehicle complex, as well as the traffic rules
and regulations.
E. Five (5) Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process. Enforcement of
traffic laws includes the following process:
1. Detection (of violation). A whole police responsibility that
entails looking for defects in the behavior of motorist,
pedestrians, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition.
Requires knowledge of law on the part of the police.
2. Apprehension. It Is also a whole police function which
involves actual taking enforcement actions.
3. Prosecution. This area is handled by the prosecution and
partly the court where the police also provide corresponding
influences through preparation and introduction of evidence or
close contact with the prosecuting officer.
4. Adjudication. While this is obviously a court and prosecutors’
function, the police provide influence on this step by acting
as witness to the prosecution or supplying additional evidence
or close contact with the prosecuting officer.
5. Penalization. The court after due process imposes the penalty
upon the accused if found guilty. The penalty is greatly
influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by
[police. Penalty involved is either fine or imprisonment or
both fine and imprisonment or may result to the suspension or
revocation of the driver’s license of the accused.
F. Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws. Road users violate traffic
laws and ordinances due to varying reasons. The following are the
common reasons why road users violate traffic laws, rules and
regulations and other traffic statutes:
1. Physical disabilities or infirmities
2. Ignorance of traffic
3. Lack of training and experience
4. Wrong attitude towards driving
5. PUV drivers for increased compensation
6. Driver’s apathy towards signs, signals and, markings
7. Influential persons violate because they feel they are
exempted from punishment.
G. Considerations that act as deterrents to motorist and pedestrians.
Some road users are hesitant in violating any traffic law or
ordinance because of varying reasons which are enumerated as
follows:
1. Fear of fine and punishment
2. Loss of driving privilege
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
4. Positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and
setting an example.
H. Kinds of Enforcement Action. When traffic enforcers detected
violation of traffic laws, an enforcement action may be taken
against the individual which is either arrest, or citation, or
warning alone.
1. Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of
taking a person into custody for the purposes of holding or
detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a
court.
a) When can a traffic violator be arrested?
(1) Offense committed is serious
(2) Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
(3) There is reasonable doubt that the violator will
not appear in court.
b) How is arrest made? In general, arrest is made by any of
the following:
(1) By an actual restraint of the person to be
arrested, or
(2) By his submission to the custody of the person
making the arrest.
c) Use of force in arresting. No violation or unnecessary
force shall be used in making an arrest and the person
arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint
than is necessary for his detention.
d) Arrest in Traffic. In arresting a traffic violator, the
traffic officer must consider the following:
(1) An arrest can be effected even without warrant if
the offense is committed in the presence of an
arresting officer.
(2) The officer making an arrest must intend to take
the violator into custody for the purpose of
bringing him before a court.
(3) Detention of the arrested person may take place.
(4) Officer making an arrest must act under legal
authority when taking the arrested person into
custody.
(5) The person being arrested must understand that he
is being arrested.
(6) The purpose of arrest is to bring a suspended
violator before a court to answer a charge of
violation.
e) Recording the Data of Arrest. Whichever action is used
by the officer or Agency; the following information are
necessary:
(1) Date/Time of Arrest
(2) Place of Arrest
(3) The common name of the offense for which the person
is arrested.
(4) The full name of the arrested person, his home
address, his business address and his telephone
number.
(5) Physical description of the arrestee, including his
date of birth, nationality and marital status.
(6) Name of witnesses to the arrest.
(7) Name and badge number of the arresting number.
f) When taking a person into custody. The Arresting officer
when taking a person into custody must consider the
following:
(1) The possibility that the person you are arresting
may attempt to injure or kill you or escape in your
custody.
(2) Inform him that you ae placing him under arrest.
(3) Explain to him why you are placing him under
arrest.
(4) Reasonable search may be carried out in connection
with the lawful arrest.
g) When transporting arrested person. The arresting officer
should observe the following guidelines in transporting
arrested person:
(1) If your unit is equipped with radio, request for
transportation unit and maintain custody of your
prisoner until it arrives.
(2) Give instructions to the transporting officer about
the place where the arrestee is to be delivered.
(3) Have the necessary information and instructions
written out so that the transporting officer will
not have errors in the delivery.
(4) In certain conditions, direct the arrested person
to drive his own vehicle to your Headquarters and
follow him with your police mobile.
(5) However, if the driver is not in good condition or
the vehicle is in bad shape, let someone drive the
vehicle to the Headquarters.
h) Warrantless Arrest or Citizen’s/Civilian Arrest.
Oftentimes, arrest in traffic is made right after the
commission of the traffic violation. Hence, traffic
enforcers should know the following rules to be observed
in arresting a person without warrant of arrest as
stipulated by paragraphs a-c, Sec. 6, rule 113, Rules of
Court.
 (1) When in the presence of the arresting officer, the
person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is about to commit an offense.
(2) When an offense has in fact been committed, and the
arresting officer has personal reasons to believe
that the person to be arrested has committed it.
2. Traffic Citation. This is a means of having violators appear
in court without physical arrest. To ensure that an
apprehended traffic violator will appear to the court or to
the proper authority, the traffic officer should confiscate
the violator’s driver’s license and issue Traffic Citation
Ticket (TCT) in some cities or municipalities, Ordinance
Violation Receipt (OVR) also in some cities and
municipalities, Unites Ordinance Violation Receipt (UOVR)
among LGUs in Metro Manila, Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP)
in cases of RA 4136 violations, or Traffic Violator’s Receipt
(TVR) in cases under the MMDA.
a. Apprehension. As an apprehending officer duly designated
by the LTO, you should observe the following when
apprehending a traffic violator:
(1) You may confiscate the driver’s license or
certificate of registration of the vehicle for any
violation of RA 4136 and its rules and regulations,
City and Municipal Ordinances.
(2) Fill out the blank spaces of TOP/TCT forms in order
to provide a detailed report of apprehension for the
information, guidance and reference of all concerned.
(3) Advise the violator to report within 72 hours, but
not less than 24 hours to give allowance for proper
transmittal from receipt thereof to appropriate
offices.
b. Where should the violator report? The violator should be
advised to report to:
(1) Traffic Court, if in Manila and for violation of
the City’s Traffic Ordinance.
(2) City/Provincial Prosecutor, if in other chartered
cities or provincial capitals without traffic
courts, for violations of local traffic ordinances.
(3) Municipal Court, in its municipalities, for
violation of local traffic ordinances.
(4) LTO Central Offices for Metro Manila or its
counterparts (REGIONAL TRAFFIC ADJUDICATION
SERVICE) RTAS for violation of RA 4136 in the
provinces.
c. Uses of TOP, the TCT and the TVR. These are official
documents assigned for various purposes, namely:
(1) It serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a
vehicle or the driver’s license or the OR/CR of the
vehicle.
 (2) It serves as a temporary permit to operate motor
vehicles for 72 hours without extension from the
time of confiscation or apprehension (in case of
TVR in Manila, 7 days).
(3) It is an official form of judicial or
administrative citation to facilitate action on the
case for which it is issued.
(4) It is a record for disposing a case cited therein
either administratively or judiciary.
(5) It is also a receipt for release of the confiscated
items after adjudication and termination of the
case.
3. Traffic Warning. This is an enforcement action which does not
contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or
otherwise as a result of warning alone. These are three types
of traffic warning: Visual, Verbal and Written.
a. Visual Warning. This is usually used when you have
observed a minor violation but are more importantly
occupied at the moment. Indicate by gesture of the hand
and/or of the head.
b. Verbal Warning. This is a form of safety education. Tell
the driver/violator that he violated a law and explain the
hazards of such violations.
c. Written Warning. This is a combination of verbal warning
and citations. It gives the spirit of verbal warning and
the form of citation. This is seldom used nowadays.
I. Decision Enforcement. In determining what enforcement action to be
taken, whether you arrest, cite or warn the apprehended violator,
consider the following:
1. Degree of violation;
2. Accuracy of observation;
3. Traffic and weather condition;
4. Evidence gathered;
5. Whether a new law or not; and
6. Continuous or momentary actions, a factor in some type of
violations.
J. Pursuit in Traffic Enforcement. Pursuit is a part of routine
enforcement activity performed by police and is used when a
violating driver is detected.

Pursuit is a part of the apprehension of a violator. In

general, a driver who is aware of his violation at your presence
will stop his vehicle when signaled to do so. In this instance,
apprehension is complete and pursuit is necessary. There are times,
however, when a driver is not aware that he has been detected in
violation and must be pursued until apprehended. Pursuit and
successful apprehension of a violator may require the operation of
your patrol vehicle at high speed for an extended distance.
1. When to pursue? When a violator fails to stop on signal,
your normal reaction is to pursue the violator until you
apprehended him. However, due to traffic congestion or
other complication, such action is sometimes neither
practical nor safe. In pursuing, observe the following:
a. Pursuit must always be tampered with common sense and
foresight of like hazards.
b. Better judgment is used in deciding to lose a traffic
violator who can be apprehended at another time than
giving great risk to yourself, your vehicle and other
drivers.
c. Pursuit requiring high speed operation of police
vehicle may be justified in certain circumstances such
as in the apprehension of a driver endangering the
lives of motorists, pedestrians and others through
operation which can be classified as other than
reasonable and proper which is dangerous and
negligent.
d. Type of serious violation is an important factor in
deciding to pursue:
(1) Non-hazardous violations. Pursuit to apprehend
this violator seldom warrants a prolonged chase
or operation of your police vehicle at high
speed. These violations do not justify the same
degree of risk as may be justified as hazardous
violations.
(2) Hazardous Violations. These violations present
continuing danger to other road users that
require immediate and sometime aggressive
pursuit.
Examples are:
(a) Driving while under the influence of liquor;
(b) Reckless driving; and
(c) Driving on excessive speed.
e. Consider the following when pursuing hazardous
violators:
(1) A violator of this nature is likely to have a
little concern for other drivers at their safety.
(2) Successful flight from identification and
apprehension is usually his only concern.
(3) Be prepared for acts of this type of violator
which could give him an advantage while
interfering with your pursuit and successful
apprehension. Like trying to force you or other
motorists off the road.
f. Consider your driving skill and experience. Driving
skill is that collection of proper habits which enable
a person to detect and evaluate road and traffic
conditions about him, and to maneuver his vehicle
 properly without consciously thinking about what he is
doing. Check your skills in these areas:
(1) Manipulative skills – making your vehicle behave
as you intend.
(2) Recognizing road and traffic conditions that may
hinder your pursuit.
(3) Defensive driving – anticipating and allowing
bad-driving by others.
g. Resisting distraction. You should know what evasive
actions will permit you to avoid or escape unfavorable
traffic conditions. A driver can often protect himself
from danger if he knows how to recognize the danger in
time and take proper evasive action.
2. Pursuit Techniques. A successful pursuit operation can be
attained if the pursuing officer knows the following:
a. His limitations and strength in driving a patrol
vehicle under normal conditions.
b. Good driving combined with effective techniques will
help to minimize the dangers involved in pursuit in
high speed.
c. Normal driving skill is not automatically improved by
wearing a police uniform, or by having a police car to
operate.
3. Identification of Pursued Vehicle.
a. When alone, use a clipboard with attached paper and
pencil. Anchor the clipboard by sitting on part of it
so that notes can be written without looking down.
b. Post a list of wanted persons or vehicles on a “hot
sheet” within easy viewing range while in driving
position. The list should be arranged by cases of
offense for rapid identification of violators wanted
for more serious offense.
c. Identify the violator’s vehicle for later
identification, particularly when pursuit or lengthy,
interrupted or abandoned, or in case you are injured
by the violators.
d. The registration plate is very important and accurate
method of establishing identity of a vehicle is also
important. Train yourself to observe complete license
plate number at a glance.
e. Record the registration number as soon as possible,
and check it against your “hot sheet.” Sometimes
prescribed registration number on a clipboard is the
only clue to the identification of an escaping
violator who has struck or injured an officer.
4. Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle. For an
effective identification of the pursued vehicle, the
officer must be familiar with the following features:
 a. COLOR – For example, red, black, etc. when the vehicle
has more than one color, first give the color of the
body and then the top, i.e., black body, gray top.
b. YEAR OF MANUFACTURE – learn to identify the year model
of a vehicle, i.e., “1996”.
c. MAKE – Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Isuzu, etc.
d. BODY TYPE – Pick-up, sedan, truck, etc.
e. LICENSE PLATE NUMBER – City or Province of issuance,
letter and number prefixes, i.e., AAA 456.
f. OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES – “wide-bank
racing stripe,” vinyl top, particular damage which are
noticeable as crumbled fender, damaged door, or
cracked door.
g. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE DRIVER OR PASSENGERS –
Clothing, air, glasses, etc.
5. Keep Headquarters Advised – through the dispatcher about
the progress of the pursuit operation.
a. It is your duty to apprehend violators as soon as
possible. Radio contact with the HQs aids in
accomplishing this objective by alerting other patrol
units in the area.
b. While in pursuit, use your radio whenever necessary
and advisable. If forced to abandon pursuit and there
is no radio available, use any nearest telephone.
6. Stopping and Approaching a violator. It is completed when
you have stopped the violator’s vehicle and move to the
place where you will begin to talk to the driver. The
following should be observed:
a. In stopping a violator, it must be done in safety to
you, the driver you stopped, to other road users.
b. Approach the violator preferably on the left side from
the rear and be alert for the unexpected.
K. Officer-Violator Relationship. The first reminder for an officer is
to establish PLEASANT RELATIONSHIP with offending motorists or
pedestrians. This may be accomplished by:
1. The appearance of your uniform, equipment and person which will
create the violator’s impression of you. A neat, clean uniform
properly worn and well-groomed person will create a good
impression.
2. Observance of the following rules when talking with the
violators:
a. Get your emotions under control. Don’t appear before him
when you are both at the peak of tension.
b. Advise the violator the nature of the alleged violation in
a manner that he can fully understand.
c. Allow the violator to talk and explain his side.
d. Be courteous and business-like. You may introduce yourself
or use only “good morning”, “Sir” or “Madam”.
e. Request compliance. Use requesting words such as “May I”,
“Please”, “Kindly” when directing the violator.
 f. Avoid telling the driver what not to do. If you want hi, to
do something, whenever possible, explain why you want him
to do it.
3. Never open your conversation in a sarcastic or derogatory way.
Avoid such opening as:
a. Don’t you know---?
b. Who do you think you are?
c. Where do you think you are going?
d. What’s your hurry?
4. Being alert at all times for the unexpected, approach the
violator with these cases:
a. Take time to get ready to talk with the violator.
b. Know what you are going to do and say.
c. Have any equipment you will need such as flashlights,
clipboard, or citation pad.
d. Review the facts which led you to your stopping the
violator before you begin to talk.
e. Decide what enforcement action you are going to take before
you approach the violator.
5. In requesting for the driver’s license or vehicle registration
certificate (CR), observe the following:
a. Do not put your head or arms in the car windows.
b. While waiting for the license, ask the driver, “What is
your name, Sir?”
c. Never accept anything other than the papers requested.
d. Ask the papers being requested to be removed from the
billfold or other container.
e. Have the driver hand the requested papers to you outside
the window.
f. Establish the identity of the driver and check the entries
of both the license and the registration papers for any
possible fraud, or false identities or falsifications.
g. Do not return the driver’s license and vehicle registration
certificate until you are about to terminate the interview.
6. In terminating your contact with the violator –
a. Explain to the driver what action he must take.
b. Tell him when and where he must appear.
c. Don’t discuss probable bail penalties with the violator.
d. Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should engage in the
services of a counsel or how he should plead.
e. When you are certain the driver understands what he should
do, close the interview by:
(1) Thanking the driver for his cooperation.
(2) Explaining how he may avoid further difficulty.
f. Help the driver get safely through the traffic.
g. When the violator leaves, don’t follow him immediately. He
may feel that you are just waiting to nab him again.
 L. Road Check. This is another enforcement activity which involves the
conducting of actual inspection of vehicles, and motorists on the
road.
1. Objectives of road check. The objective of road check is to
detect and inspect the following:
a. Faulty vehicle equipment
b. Registration and licensing violations
c. Intoxicated drivers
d. The load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for
loaded weight.
2. Considerations to be taken.
a. Minimum delay to motorist
b. Thorough checking procedure
c. Protection/safety of both motorist and officers
d. Timing, location and frequency

LESSON 5.2

TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL

Concept

Intersection Defined. As applied to a street or highway, it means

the space occupied by two streets at the point where they cross each
other. Usually, this is the place where traffic direction and traffic
control is needed.

Police Traffic Direction. It is defined as telling drivers and

pedestrians when, how and where they may or may not move or stand at a
particular place, especially during emergencies or period of congestion.

A. Who are tasked to direct and guide traffic? In the Philippines,

traffic officers are usually deputized by the LTO who normally
comes from the PNP-HPG, police auxiliaries, MMDA Traffic Management
Section. In some places, volunteers coming from barangay security
forces and other civic organizations assist in the directing and
controlling of traffic particularly during rush hours, special
occasions, and time of emergencies.
B. Directing and Guiding Traffic. The following are the basic concepts
for an effective directing and guiding traffic:
1. When you are assigned to direct traffic, you are expected to
indicate or show to the drivers and pedestrians how, when,
where they may move.
2. In order to do this, use a type of sign language which shall
be clearly understandable to all persons you will be
directing.
3. However, if your signals are different from those used by
other officers, motorists would probably fail to understand
them and ignore you altogether.
 4. Hence, it is important for the efficient direction of traffic
that the officers use uniform gestures and signals.
5. Moreover, the signals should be able to be seen over a fairly
long distance. When directing traffic, you first want drivers
and pedestrians to recognize that you are the officer who will
tell them what to do. But you must also know how to tell them
when to stop, go or turn by using gestures alone.
6. Normally, this is in the center of the intersection. Stand as
though you mean business. Stand straight with your weigh
equally distributed to each foot.
7. When you are not signaling, let your hands fall at your
sides. When you authorize vehicles to move, do not face them.
Stand so that your side is toward the oncoming vehicle.
C. Suggested Methods of Directing and Guiding Traffic.
1. Use hand signals to designate decisions to motorists and
pedestrians (see figure 42).
2. Supplement the arm/hand signals with a whistle:
a. One long blow to STOP.
b. Two short snappy blasts for GO.
c. Three blasts to be used for assistance.
3. If two or more officers are assigned in one intersection,
only one makes the decision, while the other take theirs
from him.
4. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intend to stop
and give the driver the opportunity to stop. (see figure
42.1-42.4).
5. The hand signal should be made with arm extended and the
palm facing the person or vehicle to be stopped.
D. Night Control Traffic. These are instances when traffic officers
are needed to direct and guide traffic during night time, not only
during lights out where traffic lights are not functioning but also
during some instances where an accident occurs and traffic
enforcers are needed to guide the motorists. Whichever case, the
following are the suggested methods to be used while directing and
guiding traffic during night time.
1. When light is sufficient, work as in day time.
2. If light is not sufficient, use flashlight:
a. To STOP, direct the flashlight in line of the vision and
move back and forth.
b. To START, use the same motion as in daylight except with
flashlight.
c. Supplement the actions with whistle.
E. Hand Signals. Figure 42 to 46 are some of the standard hand signals
wen directing traffic.
NOTE: The signals may be modified also by the traffic direction
officer as it deemed necessary so that motorists may clearly
understand the decision of the traffic officer especially during
night time. In addition to the hand signals and blowing of the
whistles, flags with varying colors (usually red and green) are
used to supplement the signaling.