J.H.

CERILLES STATE COLLEGE

Main Campus

Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur

SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL EDUCATION

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

WITH DRIVING

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL

Traffic Control. Generally, it refers to procedures, devices, and communication systems that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the same roads, rails, waterways, or air space.

Control Techniques

The primary emphasis of traffic control is on the safe and efficient flow of cars, buses, vans, and lorries
over urban streets and highways.

Other traffic-control techniques include:

1. the use of one-way streets,

2. enforcement of traffic flow regulations,

3. channelization (building traffic islands, turning lanes and so on), and

4. the use of traffic signals.

Highway Traffic control

Motorists depend on traffic contro devices to avoid collisions and travel safely to their destinations.

1. Traffic Signs - Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of traffic control, they provide
information about speed limits and road conditions. They direct traffic along certain routes and to
specific destinations. By using signs, traffic control planners tell drivers what to do, what to watch for,
and where to drive.
2. Pavement Markings - Pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into
proper positions on the roadway. For example, pavement markings delineate turn lanes at intersections
and establish no-passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily used for pavement markings.

3. Traffic-Signal - Traffic signals are installed to permit safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians at
busy intersections.

4. Priority Control. In one of the oldest method of traffic control, one form of transportation is given
priority by restricting or banning other forms of transportation.

5. Restraints. As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners use devices to discourage
heavy use of a route.

TRAFFIC SIGNS

Traffic signs, like traffic signal lights and road markings are used to convey quickly and accurately the
wide range of information needed by road users, particularly vehicle drivers, and to promote a safe and
efficient use of the road system.

Classification of International Traffic Signs - International traffic signs are classified into three. These are:
1) danger warning signs, 2) regulatory signs, and 3) informative signs.

1. Danger Warning Signs. These signs are also known as "caution signs." These signs have an equilateral
triangular shape with one side horizontal and having red borders. Numbers 1 to 31 under Figures 26 are
danger warning signs.

2. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular location
usually enforceable in the absence of such signs.

3. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as "guide signs", or "direction signs." The rectangular
shape white-colored on blue background is used for informative signs.

Legend to International Traffic Signs.

Danger Warning Signs

1. Dangerous Bends
2. Dangerous Left Bend
3. Dangerous Right Bend
4. Dangerous Left Double Bend
5. Dangerous Right Double Bend
6-13. Dangerous Warning Signs To Indicate Road Intersection..
14. Approach to Intersection
15. Approach to Intersection, Side Road
16. Approach to Intersection, Merging Traffic
17. Swinging Bridge
18. Traffic Light Signals Ahead
19. Road Works
20. Pedestrian Crossing
21. Animal Crossing
22. Road Narrow
23. Uneven road, Bad Condition
24, Steep Descent
25. Steep Ascent
26. Slippery Road
27. Quay or River 28. Runabout Ahead
29. Two-way Traffic
30. Danger: Falling Rocks 31. Railroad Crossing

II. Regulatory Signs

A. Prohibitive and Restrictive Signs

32. No Entry for All Types of Vehicles
33.No Entry for Cars
34. No Entry for Jeeps
35.No Entry for Bicycles
36.No Entry for Tricycles
37. No Entry for Buses
38. No Entry for Trucks
39. No Entry for Power Vehicles Drawing Trailers
40.No Entry for Motorcycles
41. No Entry for Pedestrians
42. No Entry for Animal Drawn Vehicles
43. No Entry for Push Carts
44. No Left Turn
45. No Right Turn
46. No U-Turn
47.No Parking
48. No Entry for Vehicles having an overall height exceeding specified figures in meters
49. No Overtaking
50. No Blowing of Hors
51. No Entry for Vehicles having an overall width exceeding specified figures in meters
52. No Entry for Vehicles exceeding in tons laden weight
53, No Entry for Vehicles having a weight exceeding a specified figure in tons on one axle
54. No Entry for Vehicles whose overall length exceeds specified figures in meters
55. Speed Limit

B. Mandatory Signs
56.-61. Directions which vehicles are obliged to follow
62. Compulsory Minimum Speed

C. Priority Signs
63. Stop Sign
64. Yield Sign

III. Informative Signs

65. Directional Sign
66. Place Identification Sign
67. Stop sign for Loading and Unloading
TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

Traffic Lights - These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned or
directed to take some specific actions. Traffic light signals are used to control traffic at junctions and also
to stop traffic to provide safe crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists.
Red - Stop
Yellow/Amber - Prepare to stop
Green - Go

Classifications of Traffic Signal Lights. Traffic signal lights are further classified into three:

1. Traffic Control Signals. These are signal lights designed primanly to control and regulate traffic flows.

2. Special Pedestrian Signals. These signal lights provides regulation for pedestrians like the "WALK" and
"DO NOT WALK" signal lights.

3. Train Approach and Gates Signals. These are usually installed on road-rail intersections designed to
inform motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.

PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS

pavements of all main highways have certain markings to help you drive safely.These pertain to all lines,
patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except signs set into the surface or applied upon or attached to
the pavement or curbing or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the
purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

Types of Pavement Markings and Markers:

1. Pavement Markings - These are the lines usually
white and yellow or a combination of yellow and
white officially set on the roadway as separation
for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite
direction or the same direction.

2. Curb Markings for Restrictions - These are

markings placed on the curbs or edges of the
traffic for restriction or for parking regulation
purposes.

3. Object Markings - These are markings placed on

objects on the road or beside the road like humps,
rocks or similar hazardous objects on the side of
the road.

4. Reflectorized Markings - These are markings or

gadgets designed to reflect and become luminous
when hit by vehicles headlight.

Pavement Markings:
1. Single White Dotted Line
2. Single
Traffic White Continuous Line in A Two-lane
Way
3. Single Continuous Line On a Four-lane Road
4. Double Yellow Line or Double White Line
5. Single yellow/ White line
6. Crosswalk or pedestrian lanes
7. Directional arrows
8. Stop Lines
9. The barrel lines

Traffic Island

Traffic Islands - These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical
channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.

Classifications of Traffic Islands

1. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers) - These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and
the road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to prevent motor
vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.

2. Traffic Islands - These are the raised portion in the middle of the traffic way constructed to separate
the streams of motor vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the same time preventing
motorists from using the opposite lane for overtaking.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Traffic Law Enforcement - Traffic Law enforcement action is part of enforcement involving the arrest,
issuance of Temporary Operator's Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any
person who is believed to have violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic
roads.

Three Important Goals of Enforcement Activities. For more specific actions, enforcement activities aim:
1. To increase safety level
2. To increase traffic efficiency
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment

Five (5) Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process

1. Detection (of violation")
2. Apprehension
3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication
5. Penalization

Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws. Road users violate traffic laws and ordinances due to varying
reasons. The following are the common reasons why road users violate traffic laws, rules and regulations
and other traffic statutes:
1. physical disabilities or infirmities
2. ignorance of traffic
3. lack of training and experience
4. wrong attitude towards driving
5. PUV drivers for increased compensation
6. driver's apathy towards signs, signals and markings
7. influential person violate because they feel they are exempted from punishment

Kinds of Enforcement Action

1. Traffic Arrest - It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for the
purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.

2. Traffic Citation - To ensure that an apprehended traffic violator will appear to the court or to the
proper authority, the traffic officer should confiscate the violator's driver's license and issue Traffic
Citation Ticket (TCT), TOP, or Traffic Violator's Receipt (TVR).

3. Traffic Warning - This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of
penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone.
Pursuit in Traffic Enforcement - Pursuit is a part of routine enforcement activity performed by police and
is used when a violating driver is detected.

Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle. For an effective identification of the pursued vehicle, the
officer must be familiar with the following features:

a. COLOR

b. YEAR OF MANUFACTURE

c. MAKE

d. Body type

e. License plate number

f. Outstanding features and accesories

g. Unusual features of the driver and passenger

TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL

Police Traffic Direction - It is defined as telling drivers and pedestrians when, how and where they may
or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially during emergencies or period of congestion.

Supplement the arm/hand signals with a whistle:

a. one long blow to STOP

b. two short snappy blasts for GO