TRAFFIC- Refers to the movement of persons, good and vehicle’s either powered by

animals or by
combustion system from one place to another for the purpose of safe travel.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT- is an executive function such as planning, organizing,
directing,
supervising, coordinating, operating, recording, and budgeting traffic affairs.
PILLARS OR 3 E’S OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
1. EDUCATION – The process of giving training and travel and practice in the actual
application
of traffic safety knowledge
2. ENFORCEMENT – the action taken by the police such as arresting, issuing traffic
citation
tickets and giving warning to the Erie drivers For the purpose of deterring and
discouraging
and or preventing such violation.
3. ENGINEERING – The science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of the basic
laws
related to the traffic flow and application of this knowledge to the professional practice
of
planning and operating traffic system to achieve safe and sufficient movement of
persons and
goods.
ENFORCEMENT
1. LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO)
- Close rules and regulation governing the registration of motor vehicles, operation of
motors vehicles, and traffic rules and regulations as provided under R.A 4136.
2. LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB)
- To prescribed and regulate transport route, grant, denied, suspend or cancel land
transport franchises prescribed or adjust transport fairs, issue injunction in accordance
with the rules of court to punish to contempt.
3. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION (DOTC)
- Shall be the primary policy, planning, programming, Coordinating, implementing,
regulating government in the promotion development and regulations of the
dependable and coordinate network and transportation and communication system.
4. METRO MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MMDA)
- Send the punishes concerning traffic in metro Manila and shall coordinate and regulate
the implementation of all programs and projects concerning traffic management as
provided under RA no. 7924.
5. LEGISLATION LAWS AND ORDINANCES / CONGRESS AND LOCAL COUNCILS
6. COURT – Fines and penalties.
7. POLICE TRAFFIC SUPERVISION- Traffic direction and control, accident
investigation,
traffic law enforcement and traffic accident report.TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
1. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAY (DPWH)
- They have the responsibility for determining Traffic Flow patterns, through origin
investigation of persons and things, planning, approving, funding constructions of roads
and bridges.
A. National Roads, interconnected cities and municipalities.
B. Network of National reads through cities & Municipalities
C. A yearly maintenance and repair program which includes widening and
redesigning of present road system.
2. PUBLIC WORKS AND ENGINEERING OFFICE
- Refers to autonomous region of provincial cities, Municipals and barangay engineering
office which have the same engineering responsibilities as the DPWH in providing a
network of primary roads within respected jurisdiction, this include a yearly
maintenance and repair program.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER ALLEVIATE TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
A. Express way, elevated in Survace
B. Limited access roads (fence and limited intersections)
C. Boulevard (Minimum intersection and opening)
D. Primary roads
E. Secondary roads
F. Pederoad
G. Bridge ( river and rail roads)
H. Underpass and overpass.
I. Adequate shoulders
J. Curving and sidewalks
K. Adequate drainage facilities.
L. Center lineage
M. Pedestrian Safety zone is needed.
N. Channelization of lane when needed.
Objectives in traffic engineering
1. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of track.
2. To prevent traffic accident.
3. To present the roles of traffic engineering in reducing the need for police action and
simplifying police performance.
4. To show that good police action and performance mixed engineering plans effective.
5. To present the close relationship of 3 e’s (Education, Enforcement, Engineering) in
the
improvement of traffic problems.TRAFFIC CONTROL INCLUDES
DEVICES AND AIDS
A. ELEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
1. They should compared attention.
2. They should convey a simple, clear meaning of glance.
3. They should allow time to response.
4. They should command respect.
B. FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS
1. Design and artwork aspects of the device.
2. Position or placement with respect to the normal line of vision of road users.
3. Maintenance of the conditions appearance and visibility.
C. TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND AIDS
1. TRAFFIC SIGNS – a device mounted on portable support where the image is convey
by
means of work or symbol, officially erected or installed for the purpose of regulated
warning or
guiding traffic.
• Function of traffic sign: To control safeguard expedite or guide traffic.
2. Pavement light signals
3. Traffic Island
LEGAL AUTHORITY – To be installed only under public authority or by the official
having
jurisdiction for the purpose. No traffic device shall bear any commercial advertisement.
APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
1. Habitually congested commercial areas
2. Heavily travel troopers.
3. Congested local Areas or Intersection
4. Special Occasion of events
5. Disaster or emergencies
6. School CrossingTYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
Regulatory signs Functions:
1. To imposed legal restrictions applicable and particular Location usually and
enforceable in the
absence of such sign.
2. To inform road users of certain laws and regulation the violation of w/c constitution a
misdemeanors.
Warning Signs Functions:
1. To warn Public of approaching hazardous conditions. Either or on adjacent to the
area
2. To seek causation for the part of the motorist of the approaching hazard.
3. To call the reduction of speed.
Guide Signs Functions:
1. To guide motorist along established routes.
2. To inform him of the proper routes.
3. To help him along his way in the most simple and direct method.
TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL SIGN
UNIVERSAL SIGN: PAVEMENT MARKINGS
- An lines, patterns, words, color or other gadgets except signs, Sent into the surface or
applied upon or attached to the pavement or curving to objects within or adjacent to
the road way, officially place for the purpose of regulating warning or guiding traffic.
Functions: To convey warning / one line or information to the road away without
diverting his
attention from the road. Away Under Favorable condition.
Types of Pavement Warning
1. Center lines
2. Long lines
3. Pedestrian lanes
4. Stop lines
5. Parking space limits
6. No passing zone
OBJECT MARKING’S
A. Painted / Fixed Poles
B. Vertical edge of ridges pies.
TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS-A power operated traffic control device by wic traffic is
warned and /or
directed to take some specific action.
Function: To control and facilitate safe movement of vehicles and pedestrian traffic.
Reflectorized
Markings Metal inserts with or without reflected.
Types of Guide Signs
1. Route Markers
2. Destination and distance signs
3. Information signs
FIXED TIME SIGNALS- Traffic control signals by which traffic is alternately
commanded to stop
and permitted to proceed in accordance with a predetermined time schedule.
Warrant For Installation.
1. Minimum vehicle volume
2. Interruption of continuous flow of traffic.
3. Minimum Pedestrian volume
4. Coordinated movement
5. Accident hazard
6. Combination of 1-5TYPES OF SYSTEM
1. Simulated System – All signals along a given streets always should the same indication
at
the same time.
2. Alternative System – Alternate signals or group of signals give opposite indication to a
street of the time.
3. Simple Progressive System – common cycle length is 3. Used of each intersection and
the
GO indication are given independently in accordance to the time schedule design to
permit of
continuous movement of vehicles along the street up the desire spend.
4. Flexible Progressive System – Cycle division and cycle length vary by using multiple
dials
of adjusted timing.
TRAFFIC ISLAND - Areas within the road way constructed in a manner to established
physical
channels which vehicular traffic is guided.
Function of traffic island
a. Segregate Pedestrian and vehicles
b. To control strength of traffic in order to minimize complict, expedite traffic flow or
increase safety.
ROTARY ISLAND
Functions:
A. Prohibit pedestrian crossing of major thoroughly fair at such point where such
causing
are exceptionally hazardous.
B. To minimize impedance and delay, to vehicular traffic movement.
C. Along center of roadways where usual traffic condition required physical barriers for
pedestrians
D. All other points to expedite the flow of vehicles.
TRAFFIC CONTROL -is the control of the movement of people and good or existing
read network
by means of such devices such as signals, signs and markings in a short term and at
low capital cast
in order to achieve safety, mobility good environment and energy conservation.
Objectives of traffic control
1. To increase safety level.
2. To increase traffic efficiency and mobility.
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment
4. To conserve energy.TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION
These can be carried out on the following levels
1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safe
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety.
3. Developtive traffic safety morality
DRIVER’S EDUCATION
In general driver’s instruction aims primarily to teach rudiments of driving secondary
aims are:
1. to instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic.
2. To teach the abilities required to one to be eligible for driver’s license.
BIORHYTHM
- Is the theory and interpretation written is peculiar characteristic of most natural
phenomena.
MEANING OF BIORYTHM
- Is a theory that assert the amount exhibits constant variation of life, energy and mode
stage
Man’s Theorized cycle an interpretation rhythm in particular characteristics of the most
natural
phenomena:
1. Triennial of light and darkness
2. The four season
3. Our wet and dry season
4. The waxing and winning of moon
The observation of the refer mention under possible correlation with the habits upon
lead to the host
of different theories that there to explain these correlation in terms of physical,
psychological etc. the
most famous is not the most controversial is the theory of bio rhythm are the following:
1. 23 days physical cycle
2. 28 days emotional cycle
3. 33 days intellectual cycleThe 23 days cycle is also known as our cycle of strength,
endurance and courage the male
component of a person.
The 28 days cycle (equal to a girls 28 days menstrual cycle).It is also known a cycle of
sensitivity
love and intuition the female component of a person.
EXAMPLE:
1. Physical high with tend to be energetic, strong full of vitality.
2. Emotional high with tend to be creative artistic, cheerful and hobby.
3. Intellectual high we are able to think quickly and logically.
THE LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY
1. LICENSING SYSTEM
- In the Philippines under RA. 4136 as amended, The administration of the issuance of
driver’s license is administered by the land transportation office.
2. DRIVER’S LICENSE is issue to the drivers, it is not aright but only a privilege
granted by the
state in its citizens who possesses the qualificatory qualification. This clarificatory state
is
meant to put to rest a wrong notion that the driver’s license is a right. It is also the
public
document which has the legal presumption of Guinness (CCC insurance corporation vs.
Court
of Appeal, 31 SCRA 264). Supreme Court Reporter Annotative.
LICENSING PROCEDURE
- Generally, issuance of drivers license are offer to all citizens provided that at the time
of
filling of application for student drivers permit the applicant must be at (16) years of
age, non-professional driver's license (17) years of age, professional drivers license (18)
years of age must know how to read and write. Must be physically and mentally fit to
drive a motor vehicle and must be clinically free from contagious diseases.
KINDS OF DRIVERS LICENSE
1. STUDENT PERMIT - it is a stage where novice driver learn the rudiment of driving the
essential
components of motor skill and control of vehicles, the life of students permit validity of student
permit
is (1) year but after (4) months and the holders competency is proven beyond question he is
not eligible
to apply for non professional drivers license.
RESTRICTIONS: allow to drive only in the presence or jury license driver. A license driver duly
accredited by
the LTO acting as an instructor to the student driver, who shall inquiry responsible and liable as
the latter for
any violation of RA 4136 and for the any damage done by the motor vehicle on account as a
result of it's
operation by the student driver under his direction.2. NON PROFESSIONAL DRIVERS
LICENSE - They are not allowed to drive motor vehicle as a means
of living. Should be valid for (3) years. ( Private vehicle)
- Validity before 3 years to 5 years to 10 years before to expired the license every birthday. It is
not use a imminent of livelihood
3. PROFESSIONAL DRIVERS LICENSE - The change of the status from non - professional
drivers license
thus not require the holder to submit to other tests or examination. The only Exemption is when
the
holder of a professional drivers license is applied for renewal the applicants requires to submit
medical
certificate, the holder of the professional drivers license is the privileges to make driving as
means of
livelihood. Validity is (5 -10) years.
- The distinctive feature of the holder of the professional driver license is the privilege to make
driving as means of livelihood. ( for hire)
4. MILITARY DRIVERS LICENSE - while the issuance is meet by the Armed Forces of the
Philippine
however, the holder have to pass all the tests and examination in compliance with the rules and
regulations thereof.
5. INTERNATIONAL DRIVERS LICENSE - special type of license issued for especial purpose
and issued
by the PMA (Philippine Motors Association) in other country like the Philippines, it is mandatory
that the
applicant maybe the holder of domestic license as sinequanone before the issuance of the
International
Drivers license. This kind of license is also issued to foreigner or tourists with foreign drivers
license who
desire to drive after the period of (90) days stay or sojourn provided the applicant comply with
the basic
requirements for licensing.
DRIVERS LICENSE RESTRICTION CODE
1. A. driver holding a drivers license with restrictions code no. 1 is limited to a motor cycle.
2. A Drivers holding a drivers license restrictions code no.2 is authorized to drive a conventional
motor
vehicle with Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) Up to (4500) klg. He also authorized to drive a motor
vehicle
without automatic transmission with the same weight or (4500) klg.
3. Similarly, a driver holding a drivers license with restrictions code no. 3 is authorized to drive a
convictional
motor vehicle with GVW above (4500) klg. and is also authorized to drive a motor vehicle with
automatic
transmission with the same GVW.
4. A driver holding a drivers license with restrictions code no. 4 is only authorized to drive a
motor vehicle
with automatic transmission with GVW Up to (4500) klg. He is in violation of the rule of he
drives a motor
vehicle who's transmission is conventional with the same GVW.
5. The authority of the driver holding a drivers license with restrictions code no. 5 is limited to a
motor
vehicle with automatic transmission with GVW above (4500)klg. He is not allowed to drive with
conventional motor vehicle with the same GVW (LTO Memo. Date 23 Feb, 1998)DRIVERS
DUTIES
Duty of the driver Incase of accident
- In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation of the motor vehicle
upon a highway, the driver shall stop immediately and if required by any person present shall
show his driver's license, give his true name and address and the true name of the motor
vehicle.
- No driver, if a motor vehicle concern in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene of the
accident
without aiding the victim except under any of the following circumstances:
1. If he is imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by
reason of the accident.
2. If he report to the nearest officer of the law;
3. If he has to summoned a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE DRIVER
ENFORCEMENT THEORY
1. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT - is the action taking by the police and the court to
compel obedience
to traffic law and ordinances regulating the used and movement of motor vehicles for the
purpose of creating
a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential violators.
R.A 4136 - a law inactive by all
- Penalties imposed should or except from land transportation
2. ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC LEGISLATION - is the area of activity aimed at controlling
road users
behavior by prevented, persuasive or punitive measure in order effect the safe and sufficient
movement of
traffic.
3. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT AS IT applies to institute, ordinance, and legally
authorized regulation
relating to the used of street and highways and ownership and operation of motor vehicles.
4. POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT - part of law enforcement perform by the police
and other
agencies with police power including the deterrent to law violation created by presence of
uniform police officers
and their special equipment, special assistance to court and prosecutors and incidental service
to highway users.
"In case of information to the proper direction, destination information about a distance must
know"
5. COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT - part of traffic law enforcement perform by the
court by
adjudication and penalization.ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
1. Detection- this is whole police responsibility which requires adequate training and experience
all the part
of the police to make them more effective in their enforcement effort while assigned in the
field.
2. Apprehension - this is a gain of whole police functions and responsibilities, requiring the
application of the
various traffic law enforcement and designed to;
A. to prevent such violation from endangering from person or property for inconvenience
other road user of the traffic way.
B. To prevent continued violation
C. Discourages future regulations
3.Prosecution- while this is a court function the police also provides corresponding influence
through
preparation and introduction of evidence for close liaison prosecution.
4. Adjudication - while this is obviously a court function, the police provides influence or this
step by acting as
witness to the prosecution or supplying additional elements.
5. Penalization - in this last step the court imposes the penalty upon the respondent by the
weight of the
penalty work again be greatly influence upon presentation of previous criminal records of the
respondents by
the police.
GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT
1. To increase safety level, this means that enforcement efforts should be directed
towards the
reduction of accident or minimizing their effects by concentrating on the campaign
against hazardous
moving violation (reckless driving)
2. To increase efficiency this goals of enforcement activities to achieved through
effective traffic
management approaches but more particularly on the enforcement action on the part
of the police.
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment it maybe mention in
disconnection that in the
achievement of this goals particularly the first and the second depends upon the policy
of the units;
organization or country with the guiding principle that attempts to maximize safety
sometimes reduces
efficiency and maximization sometimes it detract from safety.
OBJECTIVES OF ENFORCEMENT
1. Preventive activities such as preventive patrol, directing and supervising traffic,
investigating
accident, and eliminating road hazards.
Open manhole – hazardous
2. Persuasive activities such as oral or written warning or visible patrol.
3. Punitive activities normally deals by the courts or by traffic authorities THE MAJOR
ELEMENTS IN YHW TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
1. The enforcement system consist of the legislation, the police, court and penalties.
Legislation defines and specified correct or incorrect road user behavior, the police and
the court
to liaison traffic authorities and charge the responsibilities and insure that this law
properly
implemented prevented technique are use for compliance.
2. Road users includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers and passengers the road
system can
be define in terms of knowledge skills, attitudes ,characteristics, road experience etc.
The
factors affect road users which is control favorable by enforcement system
3. The traffic system consist of the entire road and vehicle complex the road users
exhibits
certain behavioral patterns, which lead it to inefficiency in the traffic system. This
inefficiency
measure in terms of congestion traffic and accident.
What traffic laws are? All traffic law enforcement is base on traffic laws
A. The first laws concerning driving behavior which where develop mostly from
experience over
the year resulted for custom and common uses
B. Traffic laws, like other laws reflect the beliefs , behavior and standards agreed by the
society
C. Traffic law violation of classified into 2 groups;
A. Hazardous traffic law violation
a. Unsafe behavior
b. Unsafe condition - driving while under the influence of alcohol.
c. Other traffic law violation
B. Why people violate traffic laws? People violate traffic law because
of some causes / reasons:
A. Physical disabilities or informative
B. Ignorance of the traffic law
C. Mental disorders
D. Wrong attitudes towards driving, risk taking, wrong enforcement of
traffic laws
E. Habitual traffic violators which make up about 15-20% of the drivers
F. Drivers of public utility vehicles to increase compensation or
commission.
Factors which act as deterrents to motorist or pedestrians
A. Fears of fine and punishment
B. Lost of driving privilege
C. Possibility of being involved in accidents
D. Positive are at good citizens doing what is rights and setting an example.