1.

Engine coolant temp sensor

2.over heating switch
3.Common rail pressure sensor
4.Engine oil pressure sensor
5.Crankshaft position sensor
6.Camshaft position sensor
Sensors & valves 7.Exhaust gas recirculation Valve
8.Suction control valve
involved in engine 9.Fuel temperature sensor
10.Boost temperature sensor
11.Boost pressure sensor
12.Injector
13.Glow plug
14.Engine oil level sensor
15.Anti_locking brake sensors
1. Engine coolant temp sensor
• Most (ECT) sensors operate using
electrical resistance to measure the
temperature of the coolant. The
readings from the (ECT) sensor are
sent back to the engine control unit
(ECU). The engine control unit (ECU)
uses this data to adjust the fuel
injection and ignition timing.
• The ultimate aim is to maintain the
engine temperature within the ideal
levels
3.Common rail pressure sensor (or) Fuel rail
pressure FRP sensor
• Engine control module (ECM) relies on the Fuel
rail pressure or FRP sensor for fuel pressure
input right at the fuel injectors by monitoring
this ECM can adjust the fuel pumps rotational
speed and maintain the stable pressure
• Once the stable fuel pressure is attained the
formation of the fuel vapors in the fuel line
itself is greatly reduced
• FRP sensor is a 3 wire Piezo electric pressure
sensor this means the sensor resistance varies
as pressure changes
3.1 Voltage chart of the FRP sensor
• 0.50 volts - 0 PSI Normally the fuel pressure should be in
• 1.20 volts - 10 PSI between 50 to 60 PSI if you see more
• 1.65 volts - 20 PSI deviation from this value then it may be a
indication of the fuel leak at one of this
• 2.20 volts - 30 PSI
points
• 2.75 volts - 40 PSI 1.Fuel pump
• 3.45 volts - 50 PSI 2.Fuel regulator
• 3.90 volts - 60 PSI 3.Fuel Injector
• 4.60 volts - 70 PSI
4. Engine oil pressure sensor
• As the oil is circulated by the automotive oil
pump it passes through an engine oil pressure
sensor, also called an oil pressure sensor. This
sensor checks whether the pressure is within
the manufacturer's recommended limits and
sends a signal to the oil pressure gauge or oil
pressure warning light on the dashboard to
notify the driver that there is a problem.
• Any problems relating to low oil pressure
should be fixed immediately. Never continue
to drive when your car is too hot or if the
dashboard says it has low oil pressure. If in
doubt always seek professional advice.
Understanding Crankshaft and Camshaft
5.Crankshaft position sensor
• Crankshaft Position Sensors provide
accurate detection of the engine speed: the
engine speed is the main control variable
for the ignition timing.
6.Camshaft position sensor
• Camshaft Position Sensors determine
engine position based on the location
of the camshaft: engine position is
used for determining injection and
ignition sequence.
7.Exhaust gas recirculation Valve
• Inorder to reduce the Nox emissions
It works by recirculating some
portion of exhaust gas back into the
inlet manifold so the incoming freash
air mixed with this exhaust gas which
is referred to charged gas
• This charged gas will help to
minimize the combustion
temperature which in turn minimizes
the formation of Nox gas@ high
temperature
8.Suction control valve
9.Fuel temperature sensor
• Your vehicle's fuel temperature sensor is basically the component that tells
your engine control unit (ECU) to adjust the amount of fuel it injects. You see, when
your fuel is warm, it is less dense and it burns more quickly. On the other hand,
when fuel is cold fuel, it is denser and burns slower.
• The ECU injects more fuel when you have warm fuel, while it injects less when you
have cold. As you can see, this particular sensor is very important in determining the
timing and injection quantity of fuel in your system.
• In case it fails, you will notice it right away because your dashboard's check engine
light will automatically turn on. Your system will then activate its very own fall back
setting and try to work with broken sensors.
• Though your ride is still drivable, you'll notice a change in your fuel economy
because your engine is not receiving the right amount of fuel. In the long run, this
can eventually give you more headaches, and it can also cost you a lot of cash with
your irregular fuel consumption. To get your vehicle back on track, the best thing
that you can do is replace your old and faulty fuel temperature sensor right away.
Make sure
10 & 11 Boost pressure and temperature
sensor
• The robust intake manifold pressure
and boost pressure sensor DS-G3-TF
with integrated temperature sensor
make it possible to quickly and
precisely measure the pressure and
temperature of the intake air from
turbocharged and non-turbocharged
internal-combustion engines.
• As a result, the sensor supports precise
management of the fuel supply and
optimization of untreated emissions.
12.Fuel Injectors
• The fuel injector, an electrically operated gate, delivers
fuel into the engine via its nozzle. The Engine Control Unit
(ECU) dictates when the injector should inject fuel into
the engine cylinder. It is advisable to clean
the injectors every 25,000 to 30,000 miles to ensure that
they do not get clogged.
• It is nothing but an electronically controlled valve. It is
supplied with ­pressurized fuel by the fuel pump in your
car, and it is capable of opening and closing many times
per second.
• When the injector is energized, an electromagnet moves
a plunger that opens the valve, allowing the pressurized
fuel to squirt out through a tiny nozzle. The nozzle is
designed to atomize the fuel -- to make as fine a mist as
possible so that it can burn easily.
12.Fuel Injectors
• The amount of fuel supplied to the engine is
determined by the amount of time the fuel
injector stays open. This is called the pulse
width, and it is controlled by the ECU
• The injectors are mounted in the intake
manifold so that they spray fuel directly at the
intake valves. A pipe called the fuel
rail supplies pressurized fuel to all of the
injectors
• As you see in the second picture a common
pipeline supplys the pressurized fuel to all the
injectors
12. Fuel injectors
• In order to provide the correct amount of fuel for every operating condition, the e­ngine control unit (ECU) has to monitor a huge number of
input sensors. Here are just a few:
• Mass airflow sensor - Tells the ECU the mass of air entering the engine
• Oxygen sensor(s) - Monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU can determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and make
adjustments accordingly
• Throttle position sensor - Monitors the throttle valve position (which determines how much air goes into the engine) so the ECU can respond
quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as necessary
• Coolant temperature sensor - Allows the ECU to determine when the engine has reached its proper operating temperature
• Voltage sensor - Monitors the system voltage in the car so the ECU can raise the idle speed if voltage is dropping (which would indicate a high
electrical load)
• Manifold absolute pressure sensor - Monitors the pressure of the air in the intake manifold
• The amount of air being drawn into the engine is a good indication of how much power it is producing; and the more air that goes into the
engine, the lower the manifold pressure, so this reading is used to gauge how much power is being produced.
• Engine speed sensor - Monitors engine speed, which is one of the factors used to calculate the pulse width
• There are two main types of control for multi-port systems: The fuel injectors can all open at the same time, or each one can open just before
the intake valve for its cylinder opens (this is called sequential multi-port fuel injection).
• The advantage of sequential fuel injection is that if the driver makes a sudden change, the system can respond more quickly because from
the time the change is made, it only has to wait only until the next intake valve opens, instead of for the next complete revolution of the
engine.
Quick_Fact
• Gasoline (petrol) IC engines employs spark plugs to create the enough
heat during the combustion where as diesel engines rely solely on the
combustion heat
• Since the volume available to air inside in the cylinder is very less in
diesel engine so it will get enough heat from the combustion itself
and it don’t require separate ignition source.
13.Glow plug
• Since the diesel engines don’t have any
ignition source, sometimes because of
bad weather engine will get cooled so
starting of the engine may not happen
quickly
• In order to overcome the problem the
glow plugs are employed , this will heat
the air inside the cylinder within 2- 15
seconds depending upon the glow plug
system , so you will not experience the
delay in starting of diesel engines.
• It is not needed once the engine attain the
operating temperature
14.Engine oil level sensor
• Oil pressure switches are typically used as an actuator which directly activates the oil
warning light in driver dashboard when the oil pressure in the engine will fall below the
preset critical level or brings a signal to the ECU (engine control unit), so to be warned
about low pressure of engine oil and prevent damage to the engine.
• The switch is operated by a self-elastic diaphragm or movable diaphragm with fitted
hairspring, whose position is determined by the pressure applied to it. The required critical
pressure for moving up the diaphragm and activating (switching ON or switching OFF) the
switch contacts is determined by the oil pressure of the engine. This critical value of oil
pressure is individual for every engine type and can vary. Usual value is between 0.25 and
0.75 bar (3.5 – 11 psi).
• If the oil pressure falls below this critical value, the switch directly activates the oil warning
light in driver dashboard or in some engine management systems the switch returns a
signal to the ECU, so to be warned about low pressure of engine oil and prevent damage to
the engine. The switch contacts can be either normally open or normally closed.
14.Engine oil level sensor
• (A) At the switches with normally open
contacts , when the engine oil pressure
reaches the preset critical level, produces
movement of the diaphragm and activates
the contacts of the switch, so the contacts
are connected together, i.e. the switch is
closed (switched ON).
• (B) The switches with normally closed
contacts works opposite, when the engine
oil pressure reaches the preset critical
level, deactivates the already connected
contacts of the switch, so now the contacts
Fig - Engine oil pressure switch:
are disconnected, i.e. the switch is open
1. Washer for sealing,  2. Diaphragm,  3. Switch housing, 
(switched OFF). 4. Connector,
5. Switch contacts (A normally open, B normally closed), 
6. Thread for tightness.