SPECIAL TYPES OF

MATRICES

BY: ENGR. GLENDA ALEGA – DE MESA

▪ Row vector ▪ Diagonal matrix
▪ Column vector ▪ Identity matrix
▪ Submatrix ▪ Zero matrix
▪ Square matrix ▪ Tri – diagonal matrices
▪ Upper triangular matrix ▪ Diagonally dominant
▪ Lower triangular matrix matrices
VECTOR
 Row Vector:
What is a VECTOR?
[ B]  [b1 b2  bn ]

A vector is a matrix that has only one row or one

column.
Column vector:
There are two types of vectors – row vectors and
column vectors.  c1 
 ROW vector: If a matrix [B] has one row, it is  
called a row vector and n is the dimension of the [C ]   
row vector
 
 
 COLUMN vector: If a matrix [C] has one column, c m 
it is called a column vector and m is the dimension
of the vector.
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ROW Vector

▪ An example of a row vector is as follow:

[ B]  [25 20 3 2 0]
▪ [B] is a row vector of dimension 5, since n = 5.

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COLUMN Vector

▪ An example of a column vector is as follow:

25
[C ]   5 
 6 
▪ [C] is a column vector of dimension 3, since m = 3.

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SUBMATRIX

▪ Submatrix is a matrix with certain row(s) and/or

column(s) removed.
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvzS03KB2
X8

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SQUARE Matrix

▪ If the number of rows m of a matrix is equal to the number of columns n of a

matrix [A], (m=n), then [A] is called a square matrix.
▪ The entries a11,a22,…, ann are called the diagonal elements of a square matrix.
▪ Example: [A] is a square matrix of order 3x3.
▪ [25 10 7] are the elements of the leading diagonal.
25 20 3 
[ A]   5 10 15
 6 15 7 
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SQUARE matrix

▪ Leading or principal
diagonal:
The diagonal from the top left
corner to the bottom right corner
of a square matrix.

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UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

▪ An m x n matrix for which aij = 0, i>j is called an

upper triangular matrix, that is all the elements below
the diagonal entries are zero.
▪ 10  7  4
[ A]   0  1 6 
 0 0 15 

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LOWERT RIANGULAR MATRIX

▪ An m x n matrix for which aij = 0, j>i is called a lower

triangular matrix, that is all the elements above the
diagonal entries are zero.
▪
 10 0 0 
A]   16  1 0 
 8  3 15

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DIAGONAL MATRIX

▪ A SQUARE matrix in which ALL the elements

EXCEPT those in the main diagonal are ZERO.

3 0 0 
A]  0  6 0
0 0 4

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IDENTITY Matrix

▪ A square matrix in which all the elements in the leading

diagonal are 1 and the remaining all elements are zero.
▪ Sometimes called the UNIT matrix
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
A]  
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
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ZERO Matrix

▪ A matrix whose ALL entries are zero is called a

zero matrix.
▪ Some examples:
0 0 0 
0 0 0 
A]  0 0 0 B]   
0 0 0 
0 0 0

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TRIDIAGONAL Matrix

▪ A tridiagonal matrix is a square matrix in which ALL

elements NOT on the following are zero - the major diagonal,
the diagonal above the major diagonal, and the diagonal
below the major diagonal.
2 4 0 0
2 3 9 0
[ A]  
0 0 5 2
 
0 0 3 6 15
DIAGONALLY DOMINANT Matrix

▪ An n×n square matrix [A] is a diagonally dominant matrix if:

n n
▪ aii   | aij | for all i =1,2,…,n and aii   | afor
ij | at least one i
j 1 j 1
i j i j

▪ that is, for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal element is greater than or
equal to the sum of the absolute values of the rest of the elements of that row, and
that the inequality is strictly greater than for at least one row.

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DIAGONALLY DOMINANT Matrix

▪ Diagonally dominant matrices are important in ensuring convergence in

iterative schemes of solving simultaneous linear equations

▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuiWSiKZaug

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Example:

Determine if the following matrices is

diagonally dominant matrices or not .

15 6 7  15 6 9 
[ A]   2  4  2 [B ]   2  4 2 
 3 2 6   3  2 5.001

 25 5 1
 C    64 8 1
144 12 1
 15 6 7
▪ [A] is a diagonally dominant matrix as for at
[ A]   2  4  2
least one row,(R1 and R3 in this case), the
inequality is strictly greater than inequality.
 3 2 6 

a11  15  15  a12  a13  6  7  13

a 22   4  4  a 21  a 23  2   2  4

a33  6  6  a31  a32  3  2  5

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▪ [B] is a diagonally dominant matix as the  15 6 9 
equalities are satisfied in all rows and it is [B]   2  4 2 
satisfied strictly greater than for at least one
 3  2 5.001
row (R3 in this case)

b11   15  15  b12  b13  6  9  15

b22   4  4  b21  b23  2  2  4
b33  5.001  5.001  b31  b32  3   2  1

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▪ [C] is not diagonally dominant
since at , 8 is not grater
c22 or
 25 5 1
at least equal to 65.  C    64 8 1
144 12 1
c22  8  8  c21  c23  64  1  65

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Thanks!

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