EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

BY
J. GLADSTONE THOMAS
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ETP / WWTP
HIGH RATE THICKENER HRT
 PRINCIPLE - HRT
• The concept of
speeding-up settling
rates to reduce the
size of conventional
thickeners with an
improvement in the
efficiency of
flocculating agents
• Coagulation : The action or process of a liquid,
especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-
solid state
• Flocculation : The process by which fine
particulates are caused to clump together into
a floc.
 HRT GENERAL DATA

Feed Material Calcium Sillica

Solids Feed Rate 0.5 TPH
Slurry S.G 1.0005
Slurry Rate 167 m3/h
Diameter 13 Mtr
 SPENT LIME DATA

• HRT Feed Composition at 100 % PO Load

(2600 Kg/ Hour of Chlorine)
H 20 90830
(CH3H6CL)2O 69.4
NaCl 27.7
Ca(OH)2 243.8
CaCl2 3675.4
Mg(OH)2 31.3
CaCl3 108
Na2Co3 70.7
Flocculant Specification
 Product Electrofloc – 6050
 Appearance White
 Form Powder
 Total Solids % w/w 98%
 Concentration of Stock Solution (g/1) 0.5 %
 Use Concentration Suggested (g/1) 0.1 %

Directions for use

Prepare stock solution (0.5 %) of the polyelectrolyte using filtered water.
Prepare feed solution by diluting the stock solution about ten times directly
or by online using filtered water. Recommended dosages are normally in the
range of 1 of 5 ppm, depending on the application.
Flocculant is made up to 0.2 % by weight it should be diluted to about 0.02 %
 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
• The object of coagulation is to alter these particles in
such a way as to allow them to adhere to each other.
• Most colloids of interest in water treatment remain
suspended in solution because they have a net
negative surface charge that causes the particles to
repel each other.
• The intended action of the coagulant is to neutralise
that charge, allowing the particles to come together to
form larger particles that can be more easily removed
from the raw water.
• Usual coagulant is alum [Al2(SO4)2•18H2O],
• FeCl3, FeSO4 and other coagulants such as
polyelectrolytes can be used.
• Alum when added to water, the aluminium in
this salt hydrolyses by reactions that consume
alkalinity in the water such as:
[ Al(H2O6) ]3+ + 3HCO- → Al(OH)3 (s) + 3CO2+6H2O
• The gelatinous hydroxide thus formed carries suspended material
with it as it settles.
• In addition, however, it is likely that positively charged hydroxyl-
bridged dimers such as

• and higher polymers are formed which interact specifically with

colloidal particles, bringing about coagulation.
• Metal ions in coagulants also react with virus proteins and destroy
upto 99% of the virus in water.
• Anhydrous ion (III) sulphate can also act as
effective coagulant similar to aluminium
sulfate.
• An advantage with iron (III) sulfate is that it
works over a wide range of pH
• The synthetic flocculants are based on poly
acrylamide, water soluable polymers of medium to
high molecular weight having a high affinity for solid
surfaces.
• Flocculants are absorbed on the surface of
suspended particles of aqueous media, which
neutralizes the surface electric charge of solids, thus
cross linking many particles to form the large
particles group called “floc” Which can be easily
separated from slurry.
 POSSIBLE CAUSES
1. HIGH TORQUE = THICK BED
2. HIGH TORQUE = OVER FLOCCULATED
3. LOW TORQUE = NO SOLIDS IN THICKNER
4. LOW TORQUE = UNDER FLOCCULATED
OBJECTIVE:
Prime objective is to get clear overflow and thick
under flow.
 RECOVERY PIT
-Waste water from PO/PG/PY and offsite.
-All Plants storm water drain
-Exhaust solution from WAD.
-Waste water Generated from utility (DM Plant
& Boiler)
-HRT Overflow during plant startup.
- The clear water from this pit is pumped to HRT.
RVDF
LIQUID RING VACCUM PUMP
• Speed : 600 rpm
• Capacity : 55m3/min
• Vacuum : 500mm Hg
• Seal water flow: 70-200 l/min
• Seal water pressure: 0.5 – 0.8 kg/cm2
PRIMARY CLARIFIER
• Clarifiers are settling tanks built with
mechanical means for continuous removal of
solids being deposited by sedimentation.
• A clarifier is generally used to remove solid
particulates or suspended solids from liquid
for clarification and thickening
• Coagulant 15-20 litres per shift need to be
added to boost sedimentation rate
 COOLING TOWER

Reduces the feed Temperature from 63 to 34 degree C (+ -2)

 COOLING TOWER
• A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat
to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a
lower temperature
• Approach is the temperature of the water leaving the cooling
tower (in this case, 85°F nominal) minus the ambient web bulb
temperature (78°F wet bulb) or 7°F. This value represents how
close the cooling tower gets the water to the wet bulb
temperature of the surrounding air
• Range: Cooling towers use the evaporation to cool the
circulated water. They can achieve water temperatures below
the dry bulb temperature – tdb – of the air cooling air but not
the wet bulb temperature. The temperature difference between
inlet and outlet water
 AERATION TANK

Further reduction in feed Temperature based on

requirement is carried out
 SETTLING TANK
• It allows suspended particles to settle out of
wastewater as it flows slowly through the
tank, thereby providing some degree of
purification.
 PHYSICAL METHODS
• Sedimentation (Clarification)
• Screening
• Aeration
• Filtration
• Flotation and Skimming
• Degassification
• Equalization
 CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
• Chlorination
• Ozonation
• Neutralization
• Coagulation
• Adsorption
• Ion Exchange
 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
• Aerobic
• Activated Sludge Treatment Methods
• Trickling Filtration
• Oxidation Ponds
• Lagoons
• Aerobic Digestion
• Anaerobic
• Anaerobic Digestion
• Septic Tanks
• Lagoons
• The basic units in biological treatment are: screening; an
equalization unit; a pH control unit; an aeration unit; and a
settling unit.
• The purpose of biological treatment is BOD and COD
reduction.
• Typically, wastewater enters the treatment plant with a BOD
higher than 200 mg/L, but primary settling has already
reduced it to about 150 mg/L by the time it enters the
biological component of the system.
• It needs to exit with a BOD content no higher than about 20-
30 mg/L, so that after dilution in the nearby receiving water
body (river, lake),the BOD is less than 2-3 mg/L.
• Thus, the biological treatment needs to accomplish a 6-fold
decrease in BOD.
 PRINCIPLE
• Simple bacteria (cells) eat the organic material present in the wastewater.
• Through their metabolism, the organic material is transformed into cellular
mass, which is no longer in solution but can be precipitated at the bottom
of a settling tank or retained as slime on solid surfaces or vegetation in the
system.
• The water exiting the system is then much clearer than it entered it.
• A key factor is the operation of any biological system is an adequate supply
of oxygen.
• Indeed, cells need not only organic material as food but also oxygen to
breathe, just like humans.
• Without an adequate supply of oxygen, the biological degradation of the
waste is slowed down, thereby requiring a longer residency time of the
water in the system.
• For a given flow rate of water to be treated, this translates into a system
with a larger volume and thus taking more space.
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE:
• In the first, air is pumped through perforated pipes at the bottom of the
basin, air rises through the water in the form of many small bubbles.
• These bubbles accomplish two things: they provide oxygen form the air to
the water and create highly turbulent conditions that favour intimate
contact between cells, the organic material in the water and oxygen.
• The second basin is a settling tank, where water flow is made to be very
quiet so that the cellular material may be removed by gravitational
settling.
• Some of the cell material collected at the bottom is captured and fed back
into the first basin to seed the process.
• The rest is treated anaerobically (= without oxygen) until it is transformed
into a compost-type material (like soil).
• The cost of an activated-sludge system is chiefly due to the energy
required to pump air at high pressure at the bottom of the aerator tank (to
overcome the hydrostatic pressure of the water).
• Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater
treatment plant
• Biological treatment is the use of bacteria and other microorganisms to
remove contaminants by assimilating them has long been a mainstay of
wastewater treatment in the chemical process industries (CPI).
• Biological treatment using aerobic activated sludge process has been in
practice for well over a century
• aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence of air and utilize
those microorganisms (also called aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen
to assimilate organic impurities i.e. convert them in to carbon dioxide, water
and biomass.
• The anaerobic treatment processes, on other hand take place in the absence
of air (and thus molecular/free oxygen) by those microorganisms (also called
anaerobes) which do not require air (molecular/free oxygen) to assimilate
organic impurities.
• The final products of organic assimilation in anaerobic treatment are
methane and carbon dioxide gas and biomass.
 CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS (ASP) SYSTEM
• wastewater after primary treatment i.e. suspended
impurities removal is treated in an activated sludge process
based biological treatment system comprising aeration
tank followed by secondary clarifier.
• The aeration tank is a completely mixed or a plug flow (in
some cases) bioreactor where specific concentration of
biomass (measured as mixed liquor suspended solids
(MLSS) or mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS))
is maintained along with sufficient dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentration (typically 2 mg/l) to effect biodegradation of
soluble organic impurities measured as biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD5) or chemical oxygen demand (COD).
• The aeration tank is provided with fine bubble diffused
aeration pipework at the bottom to transfer required oxygen
to the biomass and also ensure completely mixed reactor.
• Roots type air blower is used to supply air to the diffuser
pipework.
• The aerated mixed liquor from the aeration tank overflows by
gravity to the secondary clarifier unit to separate out the
biomass and allow clarified, treated water to the downstream
filtration system for finer removal of suspended solids.
• The separated biomass is returned to the aeration tank by
means of return activated sludge (RAS) pump.
• Excess biomass (produced during the biodegradation process)
is wasted to the sludge handling and dewatering facility.
BIOREACTOR
BIO REACTOR FEED SPECIFICATION
• COD : 1200 -2200ppm
• BOD : Max. 800ppm
• pH: 9.5-11.8
• TSS: 100-200 ppm
• TDS : 35000 - 40000
• Conductivity: 60000 - 70000
• Temp 30-38°C
 BIOREACTOR CONDITIONS
• Temp: 28-42° C
• pH :6-8.5
• DO : 0.5-4 ppm
• SV : 30
• Physical condition(Foaming Observation and odour)
• MLSS - Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the concentration of
suspended solids, in an aeration tank during the activated sludge
process, which occurs during the treatment of waste water (105
degree C)
• MLVSS - MLVSS represents the concentration of biomass in activated
sludge. To measure the MLVSS, you can filtrate the activated sludge
through 0.45 micro filter. Then, heating at 550 degree C.
• SV 30 - The SV30 is a settling rate test. When mixed liquor is poured
into a graduated settling vessel (large graduated cylinder or single
purposed SV30 container); it is allowed to settle, undisturbed, for 30
minutes
• Sludge Volume Index (SVI) is used to describe the
settling characteristics of sludge in the aeration tank in
Activated Sludge Process. ... It is defined as 'the
volume (in mL) occupied by 1 gram of activated sludge
after settling the aerated liquid for 30 minutes'.
• SVI = 100 to 200 mL/g. Most activated sludge plants
seem to produce a clear, good-quality effluent with an
SVI in this range. The sludge typically settles more
slowly and traps more particulate matter as it forms a
uniform blanket before settling.
• C:N:P ration 100:5:1
Nutrients
• Nitrate : Urea, Liquid Ammonia, Ammonium
Chloride and Ammonium Sulphate
• Phosphorus: DAP and Phosphoric acid
• Carbon: Sugar
 CULTURE
• Bionil
-Bacillus
-Pseudomonas
• Sugar
• Phosphoric acid
• Urea
• Ferric chloride
1.Cow Dung Preparation
2.Activated sewage sludge
3.Culture Preparation
4.Bio Reactor Preparation
- Fill Bio Reactor with effluent (PH 7.5 to 8.5 )
- Check jet aerators and blowers condition
- Check Secondary clarifier with Bio Reactor overflow.
- Check secondary clarifier bottom pump by establishing re
circulations.
- Check intiate PH, conductivity, TDS, TSS and COD.
• -DO should be maintaining in between 2 to 3ppm.
• -Charge BioMass 5 tons per batches upto achieve the
sludge volume by 20 to 30 %
• -After achieving this volume add culture bio-nil 500 kgs
per day for 3 days.
• - Sugar is added as a nutrient 50kg per shift. Based on
biological activity it will be increased.
• Check COD and PH. Maintain PH around 6.5 by adding
lime water.
• Once COD stabized between 300 – 350 PPM lined up
minimum feed (20 – 30 m3)
 CULTURE PREPARATION
• Check air distribution and spargers freeness
• Fill fresh water up to 50% and start blower and establish
circulation.
• Maintain DO between 2.0 to 5.0 PPM
• Add Fresh Cow dung
• Add required qty of culture by dissolving in fresh water.
• Add Nutrients like molasses or sugar for fresh born bacteria.
• After the incubation period of the culture slowly add the raw
effluent.
• Once the bacteria matured transfer to the bio-reactor based
on need.
 SECONDARY CLARIFIER
• Based on overflow clarity, coagulant dosing
varied to accelerate the settling rate.
• According to the secondary bottom bed level /
Concentration, Recycle flow to bio reactor
varied using VFD.
• Check the outlet sample of the clarifier
whether it meets the PCB norms
 OUTPUT QUALITY
• a properly designed biological ETP can
efficiently satisfy COD, BOD, pH, TSS
requirements.
• TSS < 100ppm
• Temp. < 42°C
• BOD <100 ppm
• COD <250 ppm
• pH : 5.5-8.5
THANK YOU