SESSION 2:

International & Regional Cooperation

in Disaster Risk Management:
From Policy to Action

(An Overview)

By
Maryam Golnaraghi, Ph.D.
Chief of Disaster Risk Reduction Programme
World Meteorological Organization

2nd APPCED Parliamentarians Workshop

Seoul, Korea, 31/10 – 2/11/2008
 Agenda

1. Disasters and their impacts

2. International and Regional Cooperation in

Disaster Risk Management

3. Disaster Risk Management and Link to

Climate Change Adaptation

4. Conclusions
We cannot avoid hazards
…but we can Prevent Them
from Becoming Disasters

Source: World Resources Institute

 Global Distribution of Disasters Caused by
Natural Hazards and their Impacts (1980-2007)
Extreme
Extreme Temp.
Temp. 5% Flood
Windstorm
4% 10%
Drought 15%
5% Flood
33%
Epidemic,
insects Earthquake
13% 16%

Tsunami
0,4% Earthquake Drought Volcano
8% 30% Tsunami 1%
Slides 12%
Volcano Windstorm 5% Epidemic,
1,6% 27% insects
Wild Fires 10%
3%

Tsunami
Loss of life
Number of 1%
events Earthquake Drought
22% 5%

Extreme
Temp.
2%
Flood
25%
Windstorm Economic
43%
losses Source: EM-
DAT: The
OFDA/CRED
International
Wild Fires
Disaster Database
2%
- www.em-dat.net
90% of events, 70% of casualties and 75% of economic - Université
Catholique de

losses are related to hydro-meteorological hazards. Louvain - Brussels

- Belgiumc
 Distribution of Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards
and their Impacts in Asia (1980-2005)
Extreme
Temperature
4%
Wild Fires Windstorm
Drought 0.05%
25%
4% Flood
32%
Slides
Epidemic, famine,
1%
insects Flood Earthquake
9% Earthquake 12% 23%
10%
Tsunami Extreme
0.7% Slides Temperature
7% 1.8%

Volcano Windstorm
30% Epidemic, famine,
1% Tsunami
insects
7%
Drought 30%
Wild Fires
Number of 2%
0.23%

events
Extreme
Temperature
0.7% Flood
Loss of life
41%
Drought
3%
Slides
0.3%
Tsunami
0.7% Wild Fires
0.4%

Windstorm
Earthquake
19%
35% Source: EM-
Economic DAT: The
losses OFDA/CRED
International
Disaster Database
- www.em-dat.net
90% of events, 70% of casualties and 65% of economic - Université
Catholique de

losses are related to hydro-meteorological hazards. Louvain - Brussels

- Belgiumc
 Distribution of Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards
and their Impacts in the Pacific (1980-2005)
Slides Wild Fires
Extreme 6% Earthquake
0.13%
Temperature
11% Volcano
0.4% Flood
Slides Windstorm 8%
23%
Wild Fires 1.3% 13%
Drought
3%
3%
Flood
Epidemic, famine, 3%
insects
6% Volcano Extreme
7%
Temperature
Tsunami
1.5%
0.01%
Earthquake
11% Windstorm
Drought Tsunami
40%
3% 57%

Epidemic, famine,
insects
4% Loss of life
Number of
events Slides
0.2% Flood
Extreme 7%
Temperature
0.3% Wild Fires
32%

Drought
Epidemic, famine, 19%
insects
0.2%

Tsunami
Economic
8% Windstorm
25%
losses Source: EM-
DAT: The
Volcano
1.7%
OFDA/CRED
International
Earthquake
7%
Disaster Database
- www.em-dat.net
80% of events, 25% of casualties and 80% of economic - Université
Catholique de

losses are related to hydro-meteorological hazards. Louvain - Brussels

- Belgiumc
90% of Disasters are Hydro-Meteorological
(Number of Events, 1980-2007)

Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database - www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium
Disasters Happen in Many Places...
... with Different Relative Economical Impacts

SEISMIC FLOOD

SEISMIC
DROUGHT
FLOOD

FLOOD
DROUGHT

DROUGHT
 Least Developed Countries are the Most Impacted
Billion USD % of GDP
 Conclusions from 4th IPCC WG II
(Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability)
Phenomenon Likelihood Major projected impacts

Increased frequency of heat Very likely Increased risk of heat-related

waves mortality
Increased frequency of Very likely Increased loss of life and property
heavy precipitation events due to flooding, and infectious,
respiratory and skin diseases
Area affected by drought Likely Increased risk of food and water
increases shortage
Intense tropical cyclone Likely Increased risk of deaths, injuries,
activity increases water- and food-borne diseases;
Disruption by flood and high winds;
Potential for population migrations,
loss of property
Increased incidence of Likely Increased risk of deaths and injuries
extreme high sea level by drowning in floods; Potential for
movement of populations and
infrastructure
 Increasing Risks under
Energy
a Changing Climate Water Resource
Management

Food
security
Strong Wind Transport

Intensity Health Industry

Coastal Marine Hazards

Tropical Cyclones Urban areas

Exposure is increasing !
Hazards’ intensity Heavy rainfall / Flood
and frequency
are increasing

Heatwaves

Need for
disaster risk
Frequency
management
 Disaster risks are increasing, due to:
– Increasing intensity and frequency
of hydrometeorological hazards;
– Increasing value of exposed
elements due to development and
demographic expansion.

Disaster risk management is a critical

component of climate change adaptation.
 2.
International and
Regional Cooperation in
Disaster Risk
Management
 Developing countries mainly rely on
post disaster borrowing and grants
World Bank emergency lending related to disaster recovery

50 3500

Number of Projects Loan Commitments

45
3000
40

35 2500
N u m b e r o f P r o je c t s

m illio n s o f U S $
30
2000

25
1500
20

15 1000

10
500
5

0 0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ap p ro val FY
 Shifting Disaster Risk Management from
Post-Disaster Reaction to Prevention
• Traditionally, disaster risk management approach has
been focused on emergency response and recovery
measures

World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR)

168 countries adopted
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
Kobe, Japan, January 2005

• Shifting disaster risk management to a more

comprehensive approach linked to development,
planning and preparedness.
 Hyogo Framework for Action
Five Priority Areas
1) Governance: organizational, legal and
policy frameworks
2) Risk identification, assessment, monitoring
and early warning
3) Knowledge management and education
4) Reducing underlying risk factors
5) Preparedness for effective response and
recovery
http://www.unisdr.org
 Disaster Risk Management Framework
Derived from Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
Governance and
Organizational Coordination and
Cooperation

Risk Identification Risk Reduction Risk Transfer

Historical hazard data, PREPAREDNESS: CAT insurance

analysis and changing
hazard trends
Exposed assets &
vulnerability
Risk quantification
early warning systems,
emergency planning and CAT bonds
response capacities Alternative Risk Transfer
MITIGATION AND mechanisms
PREVENTION: Other emerging products
Medium to long term sectoral
planning (e.g. building
resilient infrastructure)

Information and Knowledge Sharing

Education and training
Need for Coordination and Collaborations
Among Various Stakeholders

Civil Protection
and
Humanitarian

Sectoral Media
Planning

Coordination
Collaborations

Financial Scientific and

Risk Technical
Transfer Services

Academia
and
Research
 Need for Effective and Harmonized Governance,
Organizational and Operational Mechanisms

INSTITUTIONAL

 Clarity of roles and responsibilities

 Coordination and partnerships

GOVERNANCE  Integrated planning

 Strong political will and commitment

 Disaster management plans

(all levels) OPERATIONAL
 Legislation and policies
(all levels)  Processes and mechanisms

 Legal frameworks  Integration of information

in decision process
 Preparedness and drills
 Training
 Effective response
 Feedback

Awareness, Knowledge Sharing, Capacity development

 Key International Milestones in DRM
to support National initiatives ….
• World Conference on Disaster Reduction (Kobe, Japan, 2005)
• G8 Summit and UN General Assembly (2005, 2006)
• Reform of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
System - 2006
• Third International Early Warning Conference – March 2006
• Global Early Warning Survey (Co-chaired by WMO and OCHA) -
2005-2006
• International Symposium on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems
(WMO) – May 2006
• UN Humanitarian Reform
• Launch of Global Risk Identification Programme (GRIP)
• Launch of Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
(GFDRR)
• Launch of international institutional programmes in DRM
• Development of regional strategies for implementation of DRM
• Initiation of national platforms, plans and legislation (40 countries)
• One UN System
International Coordination to Faciliate DRM
International Strategy for Disaster Redcution (ISDR)System

Nations and
Direction through GA, communities Direct support to
ECOSOC, etc, specific institutions, programme
requests, support via National Platforms, implementation,
ISDR Support Group Government agencies, technical advice
and contributions
NGOs, local authorities,
technical organisations,
community organisations

Global Supporting
coordination mechanisms mechanisms
UN Secretary General ISDR regional and thematic
USG Humanitarian Affairs, platforms
Management Oversight International and regional
Board organisations
Guidance,
Global Platform for DR and support,
UN Country Teams
subsidiary bodies (PAC etc) monitoring
ISDR secretariat
 New DRM Paradigm
Governance and Organizational Aspects
• International community mobilized to
provide more coordinated assistance to
countries (ISDR System)
• Regional DRM strategic plans based on
HFA
• New or amended national plans and
legislation and multi-ministry coordination
mechanism (42 countries)
Lack of political recognition on benefits of
prevention and mitigation strategies!
 Regional Consultations &
Strategies
Region Initiative
Asia - Beijing Action Plan for Disaster Risk
Reduction in Asia
-Asian Conference on Disaster
Reduction
- Regional Central Asian Consultative
Meeting
Africa -Programme of Action for the
Implementation of the Africa Regional
Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction
2006-2010
-ECOWAS Policy and Mechanisms for
Disaster Risk Reduction
- African National Platform Meetings
Status
-Adopted at the 2nd Asian Ministerial
Conference on Disaster Reduction,
Beijing, September 2005
-India to host the 3rd Ministerial
Conference in November 2007
- Held in Kazakhstan in June 2007
-Kyrgyzstan, June 2006
- Executive Council of the African
Union in December 2005 (Khartoum,
Sudan)
- Adopted at the 31th Summit of
ECOWAS Heads of States (Jan 2007,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso)
-15-17 March and November 2006
 Regional Consultations &
Strategies
Region Initiative Status

Pacific - Madang Framework for Action for - Endorsed by leaders at the Pacific
Building the Resilience of Nations and Islands Forum, Port Moresby, Papua
Communities to Disaster, 2005-2015 New Guinea, October 2005

Europe - EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement Ministerial Session November 2006

(political support of the HFA
implementation in Agreements,
adoption of an Medium Term Plan
for the Agreement)

LAC - Andean Community: - LAC Ministerial Conference 2007

CAPRADE/PREDECAN
- Central America: Regional Plan for
Disaster Reduction in Central America
(1993)
- Caribbean: ACS and CDERA
- Inter-american context: OAS
 International
Coordination in Support
of Risk Assessment
 Risk Identification

- +
Frequency

Exposure
Hazard
Risk
Resilience
+
Resistance -
Intensity
- Vulnerability

+
 Challenges in Development of National
Hazard and Risk Assessment Programmes

• Need for political recognition and mainstreaming

of risk assessment in sectoral planning
– Lessons to be drawn from environmental movement
• Need for institutional capacities and resources
• Challenges with accessibility to and quality of :
– Hazard information (data, metadata, etc)
– Sectoral impact information
• Need for methodologies and tools for
– Hazard analysis and mapping
– Sectoral risk modelling
• Need for strengthened cooperation among various
stakeholders
 Global Risk Identification
Programme
• Development of National Capacities for Risk
Identification and Evidence-Based Risk Management
based on standards
• Improve global risk knowledge
• ~ 40 priority countries over the next 4 years…
• WMO leads flood, drought and tropical
cyclone hazard assessment
 Example: Central America Probabilistic
Risk Assessment (CAPRA) Project
(led by World Bank)

Goal: To develop open-source tools to enable governments

carry out quantitative risk modelling
 Reducing disaster risks
through mid- to long- term
sectoral planning, linking to
climate adaptation strategies,
such as:
• landuse planning
• infrastructure development
• building codes
 International
Coordination in Support
of Early Warning systems
International Attention on Early Warning Systems
with “Multi-Hazard” Approach
• First International Early Warning Conferences (Postdam, 1998)
• Second World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg,
2002)
– Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
• Second International Early Warning Conferences (Bonn, 2003)
– Platform for Promotion of Early Warnings
• World Conference on Disaster Reduction (Kobe, January 2005)
– Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
• G8 Summit and UN General Assembly (2005, 2006)
• Global Early Warning Survey (2006)
• Third International Early Warning Conference (Bonn, March 2006)
• WMO First Symposium on Multi-Hazard EWS for Integrated
Disaster Management (Geneva, May 2006)
• First Session of Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction
(biannual meeting 5-7 June 2007)
• Second International Symposium on EWS with Multi-Hazard
Approach
 Economic Losses are on the Way Up

Billions of USD per decade Geological

495

500
450 Hydrometeorological

400 345

350
300
250
200 160

150 103
88

100 47
24
50 4 11 14

0
56-65 66-75 76-85 86-95 96-05
decade
Source: EM-DAT: The
OFDA/CRED
International Disaster
Database - www.em-
dat.net - Université
Catholique de Louvain
- Brussels - Belgium
 While Casualties related to Hydro-
Meteorological Disasters are Decreasing
Millions of casualties per decade Geological

3
2.66
Hydrometeorological
2.5

2 1.73

1.5

1 0.65 0.67

0.39
0.5 0.22 0.25 0.22
0.17
0.05

0
56-65 66-75 76-85 86-95 96-05
decade
Source: EM-DAT: The
OFDA/CRED
International Disaster
Database - www.em-
Warnings have been integrated in
dat.net - Université
Catholique de Louvain
- Brussels - Belgium
emergency planning and preparedness
• Global Survey of Early
Warning Systems:
co-chaired by WMO &
OCHA. Final report
released at the 61st UN
General Assembly
(November 2006)

http://www.unisdr.org/ppew/info-resources/ewc3/
Global-Survey-of-Early-Warning-Systems.pdf
 In many countries, early warning systems are not Communities
an integral part of disaster risk management at risk

National to local
governments po
s
g re t-dis
nin sp a
r on ste
wa se r
rd
za
ha
NATIONAL SERVICES
Meteorological

Hydrological hazard warning

Geological

Marine

Health (etc.)…
 4
1
Effective Early Community
Preparedness
National to local
Warning governments
Systems supported by 5
DRR plans, legislation feedback
pr
and coordination ev
5 ac
k mechanisms
ac ent
tio iv
ns e
b
2 fee
d
wa
ngs rn
COORDINATION AMONG i in
wa
rn
3 gs
NATIONAL SERVICES 3
Meteorological
3
Hydrological warnings

feedback
Geological 5
Marine

Health (etc.)
Research side: International Coordination of
Scientific Research
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
World Weather Research Programme (WWRP)
THORPEX

Northern
Atlantic
Oscillation

Pacific
Decadal
Oscillation
Improving Hazard Warnings Quality and lead times

Short- to
Medium-Range Seasonal Forecasts Long-Term
Weather Short-Term Climate Climate

Emergency Preparedness Sectoral

Preparedness plans
and Response
 Global Coordination in Hazard Detection and
Forecasting to Support Multi-Hazard EWS
Global Observing System

Coordinated Satellite System

Global Data Processing and Forecasting System

Global Telecommunication System

 Forecasting,
Communication and
Dissemination

International & regional level:

Global Telecommunication System

National Meteorological
and Hydrological Services

National level: dissemination of

authoritative warnings
• Hazards under the mandate of NMHS
• Hazards under the joint mandate of Media General Private
NMHS and another technical agency public sector
• Hazard for which NMHS only provides Government and
supports (information / dissemination) civil defence
authorities
Analysis of NMHSs’ Capacities, Gaps and
Needs related to DRR and EWS
139 National Meteorological and
Hydrological Services participated:
1. Assessment of role of NMHSs as reflected
in planning, legislation and national DRR
coordination mechanisms;
2. Assessment of NMHS' capacities in
observing, data management, forecasting
and warning services;
3. Capacities to deliver products and services
and warnings;
4. Assessment of NMHSs’ cooperation and
coordination with other agencies and
ministries.
 Responses to the WMO Country-Level Survey
44/48
92 %

18/22
82 % 25/34
74 %

10/12 24/52 14/19

83 % 54 % 74 %

139 out of 187 Members (74 %) responded

Least developed Developing
countries: countries:
25/50 85/137
50 % 54 %
 Status of Global/Regional Coordination for Hazard
Monitoring and Forecasting in Support of National EWS
• Well coordinated for meteorological and climate-
related hazards (WMO)
– Long history of coordination for meteorological hazards
– Ongoing expansion for hydrological and climate hazards

• Regional coordination for tsunami warning systems

(UNESCO-IOC)
– Since 60s in North Pacific
– Developed in Indian Ocean
– Not available in Caribbean, Mediterranean and northern Atlantic
– Global coordination not in place yet!

• Well coordinated for health epidemics (WHO)

• For seismic and other geological hazards
– Populated by different stakeholders, but not under coordination of
one international agency
 International developments in
financial risk transfer markets for
developing countries, particularly
for sectors that are highly weather
dependent
Agriculture as share of GDP (2000)
Global Distribution of Energy Consumption
(1989-1998)
 In Many Developing Countries ….
• Traditional insurance products are largely
underdeveloped
– Crop Insurance can be very expensive to administer
– Individual yields and field inspections needed
– Small size of the farms
– Adverse Selection and moral hazard issues
• Innovative weather insurance mechanisms
provide opportunity for risk transfer
– Provide better risk management opportunities to the
governments
– Provide more reliable funding for recovery
However, there are some important challenges for
weather risk management in developing countries!
 Examples of Catastrophe (CAT) Insurance / Bond
and Weather Risk Management Markets
Catastrophe Insurance
and Bond Markets
• Drought Risk Management in Ethiopia
Agriculture • Malawi Drought Risk Management
• Southeastern Europe Disaster Risk
Management Project
Energy
Weather Risk
Management Markets
(ART)
• European Agricultural Risk
• Indian Agricultural Risk
• Hydro Electric Power Risk Contracts
• Wind Power Risk Contracts
• Heating Degree Day Contracts (USA,
customized and through exchange)

• UK Flood CAT Bond

Physical • CAT Bond Markets post Hurricane
Assets Andrew
• Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance
Facility
• Southeastern and Central European Risk
Insurance Facility
• Pacific Risk Insurance Facility
 Examples of Catastrophe (CAT) Insurance / Bond
and Weather Risk Management Markets
Catastrophe Insurance and Bond Markets
European Agricultural Risk Weather Risk Management Markets (ART)
Hydro Electric Power Risk Contracts
Wind Power Risk Contracts
Heating Degree Day Contracts

Southeastern Europe
Disaster Risk management Project
UK Flood
CAT Bond & Southeastern and Central European
CAT Bond Markets Risk Insurance Facility
post Hurricane Andrew

Indian Agricultural Risk

Caribbean Drought Risk Management

Catastrophe in Ethiopia
Risk Insurance
Facility
Malawi Drought
Risk Management Pacific Ris
Insurance Facili
 Viability of these markets depend upon

• Availability of regulatory frameworks

• Financial institutions and capacities

• Ability to quantify risks

– meteorological and hydrological hazards
– assets exposure and vulnerability

• Demand for and access to these markets

• Ability to settle and monitor contracts

 Access to hydro-meteorological data is
critical for development of these markets
• Historical records
– Temporal and geographical coverage
– Need for data rescue activities

• On-going real-time observations and updates

• Tamper-proof weather stations
• Data accessibility and quality
• Use of new technologies (satellites)
– Verification
– Enhanced estimates
– Currently, challenge is lack of sufficient historical records
 What is Next With Development of
Financial Risk Transfer Markets?
1) Raise awareness on the emergence, needs and opportunities
– Joint publication “Managing Weather and Climate Risks Through Financial Risk
Transfer Markets” (for Release in 2008-2009) (Springer Verlag)

2) Develop a joint work plan with World Bank, WFP and WRMA,
etc. and present to WMO governing bodies for endorsement
(2008 - 2009)

3) National Capacity development projects (in cooperation with World

Bank, WFP and other development agencies and bilateral donors)
– Modernization of observing networks, Data Rescue Programmes, Data
management and archiving systems, technical tools and methodologies
4) Work with partners on country-specific cases
– Facilitation of National Met Services participation and technical advice
5) Motivating coordinated climate research
– patterns of risk (spatial and temporal correlations)
 International Coordination for Education and
Knowledge Transfer in Disaster Risk Management
• United Nations Capacity for Disaster
Reduction Initiative (CADRI)
– facilitates national multi-stakeholder consensus-building
• ISDR Platform Education and knowledge
sharing targeted at schools (lead by
UNESCO and UNICEF)
– Safer schools, school curriculum

Need for training targeted at various stakeholders

(e.g., policy makers, DRM management and staff,
sectoral decision-makers, media, public…)
 3.
Disaster Risk
Management and Link to
Climate Change
Adaptation
Background on International Collaboration
in Climate Variability and Change
• WMO initiated the World Climate Research Programme
(WCRP, together with UNESCO and ICSU) in 1980
– international scientific research, underpins IPCC reports

• WMO and UNEP established IPCC in 1988

– IPCC Assessment Reports: 1990, 1995, 2001 and 2007

• UNFCCC entered into force in 1994 as a mechanism

facilitating international negotiation
• Under “One UN concept” and through initiative of UNSG,
UN agencies provide coordinated support for climate
change
• The Gateway to the UN System's Work on Climate Change
(http://www.un.org/climatechange) was launched in 2006
Humanitarian Reform for Improved Disaster
Risk Management in a Changing Climate
"In coming decades, changes Near 40 international agencies
in our environment and the
resulting upheavals — from involved (e.g., OCHA, IFRC)
droughts to inundated coastal
areas to loss of arable land —
– From post disaster response
are likely to become a major to early action and early
driver of war and conflict." response
– Contingency planning
Ban Ki Moon,
2 March 2007 – Increased emergency aid
– Fast, fair, flexible,
appropriate aid
– Reduced vulnerability and
future risks of disasters
Development Communities Response to Improve
Disaster Risk Management in a Changing Climate

Global Facility for Global Environment

Disaster Reduction Facility
and Recovery
(World bank) + others under development
 Development and climate adaptation national policies

Climate Sensitive Sectors

e.g., Water resource management, agriculture, transport, disaster risk management,
financial markets, health, energy, tourism, urban and infrastructure development

requirements

feedback
Climate
products and
service delivery

analysis and
forecasting products data products research products

National Meteorological and Hydrological Services

requirements

requirements
feedback

feedback
requirements
input

input
feedback
input

Operational climate requirements Climate research,

requirements
forecasting and analysis modelling and tools
Observations, monitoring, input
systems input
and data management
 Conclusions
• New paradigm in DRM
• New Challenges
• New Opportunities
• New Developments
• Much to be done to develop national capacities in
DRM ….
• Need for strengthened collaboration and
coordination among all sectors at international to
local levels….
• Need for developments of effective programmes,
expertise, institutional capacities, tools and
methodologies, training programmes, etc
Useful links - Publications
Useful links – International Programmes
• World Meteorological Organization – Disaster Risk Reduction Programme
http://www.wmo.int/disasters
• United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
http://www.unisdr.org
• PreventionWeb
http://www.preventionweb.net
• World Bank – Disaster Risk Management Team
http://www.worldbank.org/hazards
• UNDP – Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery
http://www.undp.org/cpr
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
http://www.ifrc.org
• Provention Consortium
http://www.proventionconsortium.org
• Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
http://ochaonline.un.org
• Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)
http://gfdrr.org
• Global Risk Identification Programme
http://www.gri-p.net
• Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO)
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods
• University of Colorado at Boulder: Natural Hazards Center
http://www.colorado.edu/hazards
• Gateway to the United Nations System's Work on Climate Change
www.un.org/climatechange
 Thank You
For more information please contact:
Maryam Golnaraghi, Ph.D.
Chief
Disaster Risk Reduction Programme
World Meteorological Organization
Tel. 41.22.730.8006
Fax. 41.22.730.8023
Email. MGolnaraghi@WMO.int

http://www.wmo.int/disasters