INTER-VISIBILTY

INTERVISIBILITY AND HEIGHT OF STATIONS

 Level surface:-
Any surface parallel to mean spherical
surface of the earth , curved surface every
surface, every point on which is equidistance
from centre of earth normal to plumb line at
all points.
 Level Line:-
A line lying in level surface
 Horizontal line:
A straight line tangential to the level
surface.
 Mean Sea level
The average height of the sea surface for
the stages of the tides over a period of 19
year, avived from the reading taken from the
26 gagging along the atlantics and pacific
oceans and gulf of Mexico.
 Intervisibility of station point:
Line of sight must clear intervening obstruction.
Stations are fixed on the highest available ground,
such as summits hills etc.
 when the distance between the points are great
and the elevation between is small, and it is
necessary to overcome the curvature of earth and
the clear all the intervening obstructions. the
height of both the instruments and station depends
upon;
 distance between stations.
 Their relative elevations.
 Profile of the intervening ground
 DISTANCE BETWEEN STATIONS

If the intervening ground is force from any obstruction,

the distance of visible horizon from a station of
known elevation above datum as well as the
elevation of the signals which may be determined by
the formula.
h=(1-2m) d2/2R
h = height of station above a datum.
D = distance from the station to the point of
tangency.
R = radius of earth (6367km/h – 3960 miles)
m = co-efficient of refraction
(0.07 over land - .08 over water )
DISTANCE TO VISIBLE HORIZON
 Let “c” represents the
point of observation at an
altitude “h” m, and “A”
the point on the horizon at
which tangent from “C”
meets. The distance to
the visible horizon “A”
from the point of
observation “C” may be
obtained from the formula;
if both curvature and
refraction are taken into
account.
 h=0.06731D2
d= √ (h/.06731)

If refraction is neglected then h=.0785D2

D= CA= the distance to the visible horizon from

point of observation in KM.
h = CB =the horizon of the point of observation
in “m”.
 DIP OF THE HORIZON
 Let “CE” be a line trough the point of
observation “c” perpendicular to “ co” the
angle “ECA” known as the dip of the horizon.
It is equal to angle (θ) subtended at the
centre by the arc “BA”
 θ= (arc BA/radius of earth)
 arc “BA” may taken approximately equal to
“CA”=D
 So dip of horizon in radians=D
simplify formula with curvature effect.
h=D2/2R
 The effect of refraction is 1/7 of that of curvature effect, but
refraction is opposite to that of curvature and refraction gives
the values
=D2/2R -1/7(D2/2R)
= D2/2R - (D2/14R)
= D2/2R(1 – 1/7)
Example
PROBLEM NO 2

The triangulation of station “A” and “B” 50 km

apart , have elevations 243m and 258m
respectively. The intervening ground may be
assumed to have a uniform elevation of 216m
find the minimum height of the signal
required at “B” so that the line of sight may
not pass nearer the ground than 2.4m.
SOLUTION
Elevation of datum line = 216 +2.4 =218.4m
Elevation of A =243m
H1=243-218.4
=24.6
H = 0.06731d2
D1 = √ (h/.06731)
=19.12km
D2 = D - D 1
= 50 - 19.12
D2 = 30.88
The elevation h2 corresponding to distance “D2” is
H2 = 0.06731 D22
H2 = 0.06731 (30.88)2
H2 = 64.18 m
The elevation of line of sight at “B”
=218.4 + 64.18
= 282.58 m
Ground level at “B”= 258 m
Minimum height of signal above ground
= 282.58 - 258
= 24.58 ≈ 25m
 INTERVISIBILTY
Engr Ilyas Sheikh
Lecturer
UCET & BZU Multan