ENZYMES

Julia Fernanda Cantú Treviño

Diana Patricia Rivera Ramírez
Maria Guadalupe Quintanilla Romero
ENZYMES…

Proteins

Biological catalysts

Converts the substrate

s
Products

2
The Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Bio
chemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) classifies enzymes
into families.

There are six main families:

3
 There are six main families

Oxidoreductase Transferases Hydrolases

sCatalyze oxidation-reductio They catalyze the transfer o Catalyze hydrolysis reaction
n reactions f a group from one substan s
ce to another.

Lyases Isomerases Ligases

Catalyze linkage addition or They catalyze reactions in w Catalyze the union of molec
removal reactions. hich one isomer is transfor ules.
med into another

4
The majority of drugs which act on en
zymes act as INHIBITORS, one excepti
on is metformin, which appears to stim
ulate activity of AMP-activated protein
kinase

5
 Types of Inhibitors

Competitive
Acting at the enzyme's ligand recognition site

Non-Competitive
Acting at a distinct site; potentially interfering with co-factor or co-enzyme binding

Mixed type
The inhibitor can bind to the enzyme at the same time as the substrate

6
7
 SUBFAMILIES

ICON L-Arginine turnover

Eicosanoid turnover ICON

ICON Carboxylases and decarboxylases

Chromatin modifying enzymes ICON

ICON Ceramide turnover

Cytochrome P450 ICON

8
 SUBFAMILIES

ICON  Inositol phosphate turnover

Kinases ICON

ICON Cyclic nucleotide turnover/signalling

Peptidases and proteinase ICON

ICON Endocannabinoid turnover

Phosphatases ICON

9
 SUBFAMILIES

ICON Small monomeric GTPases

 Miscellaneous protein kinases ICON

 
ICON Sphingosine 1-phosphate turnover
Aminoacyltransferases ICON

ICON  Other protein kinases

 CMGC: Containing CDK, ICON

MAPK, GSK3, CLK families

10
TRANSPORTER
S

Julia Fernanda Cantú Treviño

Maria Guadalupe Quintanilla Romero

Diana Patricia Rivera Ramírez

 Membrane transporters

They carry solutes across cell membranes, which w

ould otherwise be impermeable to them. The energ
y required for active transport processes is obtaine
d from ATP turnover or by exploiting ion gradients
 P-type ATPases;
Are multimeric proteins, which
transport (primarily) inorganic
cations

F-type or V-type ATPases

Are proton-coupled motors, which
ATP-driven transporte can function either as transporters
rs or as motors.

can be divided into t

ATP-binding cassette,
hree major classes:
Are ATP-binding cassette transporters,
heavily involved in drug disposition as
well as transporting endogenous
solutes
The SLC solute car
rier family Are the second largest family of membrane prot
eins in the human genome, after the G protein-cou
pled receptors, there are a great variety of solutes t
ransported, from simple inorganic ions to amino aci
ds and sugars to relatively complex organic molecul
es like haem and includes 65 families of almost 40
0 members.
 AMINO ACIDS ACCUMULATION
is mediated by members of the families

SLC6 SLC15

SLC1
SLC17

SLC32
SLC3/7 SLC16

SLC36, SLC38 and SLC43

 FUNCTIONS OF
SLC family members 

Regulate ion fluxes at the plas Regulate solute transport into Orphan transporters, in as mu
ma membrane and out of cellular organelles ch as a physiological function h
as yet to be determined.
Families SLC3 and SLC7

Only generate functional transporters as heteromeric partner

s, where one partner is a single TM domain protein. Membrane t
opology predictions for other families suggest 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,1
2,13 or 14 TM domains
 The SLC transporters

1 Antiports
Where solute movement in one direction is balance
d by a solute moving in the reverse direction

2 Equilibrative transporters
which allow solutes to travel across membranes dow
n their concentration gradients
3 The SLC27 fatty acid transporters 
Exhibit enzymatic function

4 Many of the transporters

Manifest electrogenic properties of ion channels
Add an image Add an image Add an image Add an image Add an image

Subfamiles
Add an image Add an image Add an image Add an image Add an image
 su BA
bf C A
am
ily

su AB
bf C B
am
ily

su AB
bf C C
am
ily
AB
xi C
so D
m su
al b
f
tr AB am
an C il
sp y
of
or pe
te ro
rs

su AB
bf CG
am
ily
ATP-binding cassette transporter family 
 F-type ATPase

   V-type ATPase

F-type and V-type ATPases

  P-type ATPases 

Na+/K+-ATPases Ca2+-ATPases H+/K+-ATPases

Phospholipid-transportin
Cu+-ATPases g
ATPases
 Other Subfamiles
SLC superfamily of solute carriers 
SLC5 family of sodium-
SLC1 family of amino acid transporte dependent glucose
rs transporters

SLC6 neurotransmitter
transporter family
SLC2 family of hexose and sugar alcohol transporters

SLC17 phosphate and organic

anion transporter family
SLC3 and SLC7 families of heteromeric amino
acid transporters (HATs)

SLC4 family of bicarbonate transport

ers
 SLC25 family of mitochondrial transporte
rs
SLC28 and SLC29 families of nucleosid
e transporters

SLC38 family of sodium-dependent ne

SLC26 family of an utral amino acid transporters

LC22 family of organic cation and anion transporte ion exchangers

rs
References

https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayFor
ward?familyId=691&familyType=TRANSPORTER

https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayFor
ward?familyId=690&familyType=ENZYME