DIFFERENT KINDS OF

DATA AND DATA SETS

IN RESEARCH
WHAT IS
DATA?
 DATA
• Facts and statistics collected together for reference or
analysis.
• Data are measured, collected and reported, and analyzed,
whereupon it can be visualized using graphs, images or
other analysis tools. Data as a general concept refers to
the fact that some existing information or knowledge is
represented or coded in some form suitable for better
usage or processing.
 KINDS OF DATA
Observational Data
– Captured through observation of a behavior or activity.

– Is a valuable form of research that can

give researchers information that goes
beyond numbers and statistics. In
general, observation is a systematic way
to collect data by observing people in
natural situations or settings.
Experimental Data

– Are collected through active intervention by the researcher to

produce and measure change or to create difference when a
variable is altered.

–  Experimental data typically allows

the researcher to determine a
causal relationship and is typically
projectable to a larger population.
This type of data are often
reproducible, but it often can be
expensive to do so.
SIMULATION DATA

– Are generated by imitating the operation of a real-world

process or system over time using computer test models.
For example, to predict weather conditions, economic
models, chemical reactions, or seismic activity.
– This method is used to try to
determine what would, or could,
happen under certain conditions.
The test model used is often as, or
even more, important than the
data generated from the
simulation.
 DERIVED / COMPILED DATA

– Involves using existing data points, often from different data

sources, to create new data through some sort of
transformation, such as an arithmetic formula or aggregation

– For example, combining area and

population data from the Twin
Cities metro area to create
population density data. While this
type of data can usually be
replaced if lost, it may be very
time-consuming (and possibly
expensive) to do so.
REFERENCE OR CANONICAL DATA

– a (static or organic) conglomeration or collection of smaller

datasets, most probably published and curated.
– are a type of data model that aims
to present data entities and
relationships in the simplest
possible form in order to integrate
processes across various systems
and databases.
 DATA SET
– A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of
tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database
tables, where every column of a table represents a particular
variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data
set in question.
– The set of data is any permanently saved collection of
information which usually contains either case-level, gathered
data, or statistical guidance level data.
REFERENCES
• https://libguides.macalester.edu/c.php?g=527786&p=3608643

• https://guides.ucf.edu/metadata/dataset

• https://www.bmc.com/blogs/canonical-data-model/#:~:
text=Canonical%20data%20models%20are%20a,languages%2C%20syntax%2C%20
and%20protoco

• https://byjus.com/maths/data-sets/

Presentation by group 2:

Jasmin Joson

Celyn Jasmine Gerial

Homer Dela Cruz