STATISTICS

is a scientific body of knowledge/branch

of Mathematics that deals with the theory
and method of collecting, summarizing or
organizing), analyzing and interpreting
data.
PROCESS IN STATISTICS
1. COLLECTING DATA
2. ORGANIZING OR SUMMARIZING DATA
3. ANALYZING THE DATA
4. INTERPRETING DATA
 DATA
are individual pieces of factual
information recorded and used for the
purpose of analysis.
2 DIVISIONS OF
STATISTICS
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
is a statistical procedure concerned with
describing the characteristics and
properties of a group of persons, places,
or things.
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- it uses sample data to make inferences
about a population.
- it is calculated with the purpose of
generalizing the findings from samples to
populations it represents, performing
hypothesis testing, determining relationships
among variables and making decisions.
 POPULATION (N)
refers to a large collection of
objects, persons, places or
things or a group of phenomena
that have something in common.
 SAMPLE (n)
is a representative group
drawn from a population.
 SAMPLING
The process of selecting
sample from a population.
 2 Kinds Sampling
1. RANDOM- it is a method of selecting a
sample size{n} from a populations such that
each member of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
2. NON- RANDOM- in this method, not all
elements are given equal opportunities to be
selected as sample.
TYPES OF RESEARCH DATA
BASED ON HOW THEY WERE
COLLECTED
 OBSERVATIONAL DATA
are captured thru observation of a
behavior or activity. They are collected
using human observation, open-ended
surveys, or the use of an instrument to
monitor and record information.
 EXPERIMENTAL DATA
are collected thru active intervention by
the researcher to produce and measure
change or to create difference when the
variable is altered.
 SIMULATION DATA
are generated by imitating the operation
of a real-world process or system over-
time using computer test models.
 DERIVED/COMPILED DATA
involves using existing data points, often
from different data sources, to create
new data thru some sort of
transformation such as arithmetic
formula or aggregation .
 KINDS OF DATA
1. QUALITATIVE DATA

2. QUANTITATIVE DATA
 QUALITATIVE DATA
assume values that manifest the concept
of attributes or categories, thus, they are
sometimes called categorical data.
QUALITATIVE DATA
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
are data that are numerical in nature
which are obtained through measuring or
counting.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
 KINDS OF
QUANTITATIVE
DATA
 1. DISCRETE DATA
only used in whole numbers and it
continues and assume exact values only
and can be obtained through counting.
 2. CONTINUOUS DATA
can take any value on an interval of real
numbers and can assume all values
between any two specific values through
measuring.
SOURCES OF DATA
 PRIMARY SOURCE
a source of data from which firsthand
information is obtained usually by means
of personal interview and actual
observation.
 SECONDARY SOURCE
a source of data where information is taken from
other people’s works.
may be gathered from magazines, newspapers,
television, radios, internet, etc.
 METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
1. DIRECT/ INTERVIEW METHOD.
is one of the most effective methods of collecting
original data or accurate responses
Gathering of data may be done through a personal
encounter between the interviewer and the
interviewee.
2. INDIRECT/ QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD.
It is one of the easiest methods of gathering data.

Data gathering by means of getting information

with the use of written questionnaires.
3. REGISTRATION METHOD
it imposed/enforced by private organizations
and government agencies
Data gathering may be done by asking complied
files from different offices or organizations.
4. OBSERVATION METHOD
– is a specific method of investigation that
makes possible use of all senses to measure or
obtain outcomes/responses from the object of
study
5. EXPERIMENTATION METHOD
used when the objective is to determine the
cause and effect of a certain phenomenon
under some controlled conditions.
 METHODS OF
PRESENTATION OF
DATA
 TEXTUAL DATA

data are presented in paragraph

form.
 TABULAR DATA

it provides a more precise, systematic

and orderly presentation of data in rows
and columns through the use of tables.
 GRAPHICAL FORM

is the most effective form of presenting

data for it uses visual form where
important relationships are brought out
more clearly in pictorial form.
1. LINE GRAPH
It shows relationships between two sets of
quantities using a straight line.
1. LINE GRAPH
1. LINE GRAPH
2. BAR GRAPH
it consists of rectangles of equal widths,
either drawn vertically or horizontally,
segmented or non – segmented.
2. BAR GRAPH
2. BAR GRAPH
3. MAP GRAPH OR CARTOGRAPH
-it is one of the best ways to present
geographical data
-this kind of graph is always accompanied by a
legend which tells us the meaning of the lines,
colors or other symbols used and positioned in
a map
3. MAP GRAPH OR CARTOGRAPH
3. MAP GRAPH OR CARTOGRAPH
4. SCATTER POINT DIAGRAM
it is a graphical device to show the degree of
relationship between two quantitative
variables.
4. SCATTER POINT DIAGRAM
5. PIE CHART
it represents relationships of the different
components of a single total as revealed in the
sectors of a circle where the angles or size of
the sectors should be proportional to the
percentage components of the data which
gives a total of 100%
5. PIE CHART
5. PIE CHART
 SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT
1. NOMINAL SCALE
-this is the most primitive level of measurement
the nominal level of measurement is used when
we want to distinguish one object from another
for identification purposes
-it is the most limited and simplest type of
measurement
2. ORDINAL SCALE
-it does not only classify items but also gives
the order or ranks of classes, items or objects,
however it does not say anything about the
differences in two positions with ranking.
3. INTERVAL SCALE
-it is the same as the ordinal level, with an
additional property that we can determine
meaningful amounts of differences between the
data. Data at this level may lack an inherent
starting point
- It has no true or meaningful zero value.
4. RATIO SCALE
it can differentiate between any two classes
but it always starts from an absolute or true
zero point or a true zero exists.