CHAPTER 5

Historical
Development
of Art
By: Group 3

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PREHISTORIC ART
(CAVE ART)

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PREHISTORIC ART
refers to all artworks produced by ancient men
before any preconceived culture and known
methods of writing and record keeping ever
existed, simply meaning art before history.

CAVE PAINTING or PETROGRAPH

refers to any parietal art, which involves the
application of color pigments on the walls, floors,
or ceilings of ancient rock dwellings inhabited by
prehistoric man.

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MONOCHROME CAVE
PAINTINGS
are images with only one color.

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POLYCHROME CAVE PAINTINGS has two or
more colors.

The term cave drawing or petroglyphs, on the

other hand, refers to an engraved drawing,.
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Most of prehistoric cave paintings were
figurative, and 99 percent of these were of
animals.

Pictures of humans were rarely shown and

we're usually highly stylized and far less
naturalistic than the animal figures

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 At Cueva de Los Aviones, a cave in Southeastern
Spain, researchers also found perforated seashell
beads and pigments that are at least 115,000 years
old.

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Magura Cave
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Cueva de las Manos

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Bhimbetka
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Serra da Capivara

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Laas Gaal
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Tadrart Acacus

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Chauvet Cave
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Kakadu Rock Paintings

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Lascaux Paintings

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Paleolithic Period
 in arts was the time when primitive
cave artworks were created with the
use of primitive stone tools by
primitive men.

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Neolithic Period
 Happened when man began to
develop culture and change his
lifestyle.
 Neolithic art reflected the great shift in
living conditions.

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 PHILIPPINE PRIMITIVE
ART
The ancient antiquities simply
concluded our true identity as people
who were already civilized with our own
writing system and intelligent enough to
make sophisticated tools and weapons
long before the arrival of the first
invaders.

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 Cave Paintings
In the municipality of Binangonan, province of
Rizal, The Angono Petroglyphs Site Museum is
located. It was accidentally discovered by
National Artist Carlos "Botong" Francisco with a
troop of boy scouts during a field trip in 1965.

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Two kinds of
Petroglyphs:
a. Charcoal drawings on cave walls in
Peñablanca, Cagayan Province

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b. red hematite prints in Anda Peninsula, Bohol
province.

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Burial jars
The secondary burial jar was found in
Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan in
the early 1960's and now considered one of
the Philippines' national cultural treasures.

Manunggul jar
(Late Neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C) 23
 Maitum jar
(Metal Age about 5 B.C -225 A.D)

The earthenware pots were found in Ayub Cave

in Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province,
resembling human figures.
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CLASICAL
PERIOD
The term clasical art refers to the art
form from greece and rome.

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 CLASICAL PERIOD - Is a general term describing the
long period of time in cultural history when the
mediterranean sea was the center. It started with the
earliest - recorded greek poetry of homer and continued
through the rise of rome and christianity.
The art of ancient Greeks has been held as the standard
or measure by which all later art will be judge. It has
shape our minds of what perfection should look like.
STONE FIGURE - Called kouroi were common, it is the
heavy stylized and rigid stature of human anatomy
displayed by the influence of the ancient egyptians.
• Over the cours of the next centuries, Greek artist also
would like to develop their own style.

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STONE FIGURE
- Called kouroi were common, it is the heavy stylized
and rigid stature of human anatomy displayed by the
influence of the ancient egyptians.
-Over the cours of the next centuries, Greek artist
also would like to develop their own style.

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GREEK,S GOLDEN AGE OR THE
CLASICAL PERIOD OF ANCIENT.
• Greece was the time when the greeks achieved new
heights in art, architecture, theater, and philosophy.
• Democracy in athens was improved under the
leadership of pericles.
• Clasical period began after the greek victory of over
the persians. A new sense of pride and feeling of self
confidence in the greek word emerged.
• One of the most wonderful accomplishments in
athens during this time was the rebuilding of the
pathernon, a temple devoted to athena on the
acropolis.
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1. PHEIDIAS - Created a new
Statue of athena, sculpted in
Ivory and gold, on the
Acropolis.

2. SOCRATES - Known as the

Father of philosophy, met with
His followers on the streets of
Athens during this period.

> The greatest known works of the clasical period for

contemporaries were the masive statue of Zeus at Olympia and the
statue of Athena Parthenos in the parthenon
> Both chryselephantine ( made of gold and ivory, chrysus,
elephantine ) and completed by phidias or under his direction .
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Greek art influenced Roman art, and both of them
were inspiration for the Renaissance.

• GREEK ART - Described as idealistic, imaginative,

and spiritual.

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ROMANS ART - Bounded to what they saw in
the world.

• Almost no Greek paintings survived the ages until

20th century. What we know today was based on
written descriptions. Later the Romans copied and
used this tecnique to make portraites. And the
Greeks also made of used paints made from
precious stones, earth and plants. 31
ANCIENT GREEK PAINTINGS
> Had subjects that included ...

• Snake - haired medusa

• Centaurs
• Dancing girls
• Olympic athletes and gods.

The Greeks were master sculptors and were much

more highly skilled than the Egyptians who came
before them and the romans who came afterward.
The skills and sense of aesthetics of how they
created their sculptures were unmached until the 32
Renaissance.
ROMAN ART
ROME - was the most powerful nation on earth,
defeating all others at military organization and
warfare, engineering, and architecture.
The invention of the dome, and the groan vault, the
development of concrete and a european - wide
network of roads and bridges were all part of the
uniquely Roman achievements.
> It was during the age of emperor trajan ( 98 - 117
C.E ) and the emperor Hadrian ( 117 - 138 C.E ) Rome
reached the peak of its architectural glory, attained
through numerous building programs of monuments,
baths, aqueducts, palaces, temples, and mousoleums.
During this era Many of the buildings served as
models for architects of the italian Renaissance. 33
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
( 1377 - 1446 ) A designer of the iconic dome
of the cathedral in florence, and both Donato
Bramante ( 1444 - 1514 ) and
MICHELANGELO - A Designers of St. Peter`s
Basilica.
•The Romans were practically people and
wanted their art and architecture to be useful.
They planned their cities and built briges,
aqueducts, public baths, and marketplaces,
apartment houses, and harbors.
• The art forms were influenced by the ancient
Greeks and Estruscans, but the practical
usage of the arts were distincly Roman. 34
The Etruscans imitated Greek styles of
art but have also achieved much by
themeselves.
> They develop a very lifelike type of
portrait sculpture and introduced the very
first use of the stone arch into
architecture.
> The Romans put into practical use
what they had learned from the
Etruscans. The baths and arenas were
proofs to the ability of Romes great
builders. 35
By the 1st century B.C. the Romans
improved the used of concrete. The material
could made into any shape for arches,
vaults, or domes. Concrete made it possible
for architect to build structures of great size.

The Greeks were a great influence in

Roman sculpture. But Roman portaiture
showed the skill and originally of the
Romans by portraying their
emperors,generals, and senators with a
degree of realism unknown to the Greeks.
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Wall paintings preserved in rock during the eruption of
the volcano Mt. Vesuvius in A.D 79, tell us nearly
everything we knwe about Roman painting. In
Pompeii, painting was usually done as a form of
decoration and was executed on the inside walls of the
houses in fresco ( painting on wet plaster.)

Often these murals were used to give the illution of

dept or to create a pastoral landscape where there
was no window or view and to make the room seem
larger.

Romans achieved a high degree of naturalism in

painting through the artists understanding of
perspective and use of light and shade. 37
MEDIEVAL
PERIOD

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Medieval period
The history of Medieval art covered almost ten
centuries between the sack of rome (450 C.E.) and the
Early Italian Renaissance (1400). Only one institution
survived: the Christian Church – centered in Rome and
Constantinople. The church became the main sponsor of
architecture and the other types of art during the
medieval era.

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Medieval Architecture
This refers to architectural styles in medieval Europe
during the middle ages. The architecture of structures
in medieval Europe was predominantly related to the
building of sacred buildings, such us churches, which
was the primary structure signifying Christian faith.

Medieval religious architectures, such us cathedrals,

where expressions of faith. Churches are also
channels of creative energy during the medieval
period. Churches used large amount of money for
beautification and the creation of the buildings.

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Romanesque Architecture
• All western European architecture was typically by classification
considered Romanesque, exept Byzantine structuresz roughly from 500 to
1150.
• The earlier period of Romanesque architecture could be classified as
Carolingian architecture or Pre-Romanesque. It was the north European
style of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries
during the reign of Charlemagne.
• The later period of Romanesque architecture was called Ottonian
architecture developed under the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-
975). The German style lasted from the mid-10th century until the mid-11th
century.
• Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, thick walls,
round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers, and decorative
arcading.
• The Middle Ages Romanesque Architecture was the first major style of
architecture to be developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire. The
Romanesque architecture was ecclesiastical in nature. The romanesque
period was defined by important churches and monastic buildings.
Romanesque architecture was succeeded by Gothic or Perpindicular style
of architecture of the later middle Ages (1066-1485). 41
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Gothic Architecture
• This started in the 12th century in France. It was the new
style in architecture and design reffered to as the French
style. It was latter on called the Gothic style durig the
Renaissance period.
• Several inspirations in architectural techniques came from
the Arabs, copied during the time of the Crusades that led
to changes in Gothic styles.
• These changes included the use of a pointed arch, ribbed
vaults, and buttress. Heavy piers were also replaced by
clustered slender ones while window dimensions became
larger as vaults and spires increased in height.

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Byzantine Architecture
• Also called Eastern Roman, the Empire started with the
establishment of Constantinople (formerly Byzantium) A.D
324 and ended its capture by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
• When Constantinople was founded, it was meant to creat
a new Rome in the East.
• The style of architecture established is now what we
called Early Christian or Byzantine.
• The Byzantine Empire’s architecture was characterized by
massive domes with square bases and rounded arches
and spires and much use of glass mosaics.

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Types of Medieval Art:
• Illuminated Manuscripts – these were religious
texts decorated with rich colors, which often
featured the use of gold and silver. The word
“illuminated” comes from the Latin word illuminare,
meaning adorn, or illuminate and is defined as the
embellishment of a manuscripts with luminous
colors (especially gold).

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RENAISSANCE
• The period in European history, from the 14th to
the 17th century, was considered the link
between the middle ages and modern history.

• The term “Renaissance” is from the same French

word, meaning rebirth .It comes from the Italian
Rinascimento, “Re” meaning “again” and nascere
meaning “be born.” It’s influenced altered
literature, philosophy, art, politics, science,
religion and the other aspects of intellectual
investigation.
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• The Renaissance saw revolutions in many
intellectual pursuits as well as social and
political upheavals. Science and art were very
much mingled and interrelated in the early
Renaissance, with artist, such as Leonardo
da Vinci, making observational drawings of
anatomy an nature.

• Early and influential promoters of these ideas

included Copernicus and Galileo.

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EARLY RENAISSANCE
• It has always been known that the Renaissance
began in Tuscany in the 14th century in the city of
Florence.
• By 1500, because of the discovery of the classical
world, the art of painting as radically change.
• Artworks of Christian orientation, such as devotional
art, become classically humanized. Classical artistic
principles, including harmonious proportion, realistic
expression, and rational postures, were followed.
• During this period to artistic regions of Western
Europe were particularly active: Flanders and Italy.
Almost all of the Early Renaissance art works in
northern Europe were produced between 1420 and 52
1550.
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• -During this period to artistic regions of Western
Europe were particularly active: Flanders and Italy.
Almost all of the Early Renaissance art works in
northern Europe were produced between 1420 and
1550.
• -Some of the early Renaissance artworks were the
Dome of Florence Cathedral, designed by Filippo
Brunelleschi, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by
Masaccio, Jacob and Esau Relief, Gates of Paradise
by Lorenzo Ghiberti, Hubert and Jan van Eyck,
Ghent Altarpiece, The Adoration of the Kings
(Monforte Altarpiece) by Hugo van der Goes,
Primavera by Sandro Boticelli; The Birth of Venus by
Sandro Boticelli, The Navity In The Lower Church,
Assisi by Giotto di Bondone.
•  
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HIGH RENAISSANCE PERIOD (c. 1490-
1530)
• The period called the High Renaissance as between the
span of the four decades from 1490 to the destruction of
Rome in 1527. It represented the accepted peak or
summit of Renaissance art.
• -Rome replaced Florence as the center point of the
Renaissance because of the papal ambition to make
Rome greater than its Florentine rival. The excessive
patronage of Pope Julius II (1503-13) and Pope Leo X
(1513-21) secured and retained the services of painters,
like Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo, all of
whom created oils and mural paintings of startling novelty,
and architects, like Donato Bramante, a key figure in the
redevelopment of St. Peter’s Basilica. The church was the
major patron; thus, Christian art remained the major
genre.
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 - Some of the best well- known masterpieces of
High Renaissance painting included:
Michelangelo’s Genesis Sistine Chapel
frescoes; Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks (1484-
6 Louvre, Paris), Lady with an Ermine (1490)
Cyzartoryski Museum, Krakow, Last Supper
(1495-8, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan) and
Mona Lisa (1503-5, Louvre); Raphael’s Sistine
Madonna (1513), Transfiguration (1518-20),
Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1514-15) and
School of Athens (1509- 11), in the Raphael
Rooms in the Vatican; and Titan’s Assumption
of the Virgin (1518, S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari)
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• The best High Renaissance sculpture
included: Pieta (1500, St Peter’s, Rome) and
David by Michelangelo (1501-4, originally
located in the Piazza della Signoria, Florence,
no in the city‘s Academy of Arts).

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• Mostly, the Mannerism painting was more
artificial than natural as compared with the
Renaissance painting.

• The end of the Renaissance as caused

largely by the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation that set off violent conflicts
throughout Europe and eliminated much of
the funding for art.

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MANNERISM PAINTERS
• Among the finest Mannerist Artist were
Michelangelo (1475-1564) noted for his Sistine
Chapel frescoes, such as the Last Judgement
(1536-41); Correggio ( 1489-1534), known for his
sentimental narrative paintings and the first to
portray light radiating from the child Christ; Andrea
del Sarto’s two pupils Jacopo da Pontormo (1494-
1556) and Rosso Fiorentino (1494-1540);
Parmigianino (1503-40), the influential master
draftsman and portraitist from Parma; Agnolo
Bronzino (1503-72), noted for his allegorical
masterpiece known as An Allegory with Venus and
Cupid (1540-50), National Gallery, London.
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BAROQUE
PERIOD

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• In Art, the term Baroque was taken from the
Portuguese barocco meaning, “irregular
pearl or stone” and originating in Rome,
which spread during the period of 1590-
1720. The style took in the idealism of the
Renaissance (c.1400-1530) and the slightly
forced nature of Mannerism (c.1530-1600).
Baroque art showed the religious conflicts of
the age, the desire of the Roman Catholic
Church at the time to restate itself after the
Protestant Reformation as annunciated at
the Council of Trent. The term Baroque
defined or intricate and highly detailed.

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THE MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS
BY: PETER PAUL RUBENS.

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ECSTASY OF ST. TERESA BY
BERINI
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THE CRUCIFIXION OF SAINT
PETER BY CARAVAGGIO
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• The development of the Baroque style was associated
closely with the Catholic Church. Catholic inspired
Baroque art served a propagandist role that tended to
be large-scale works of public art, such a monumental
wall paintings and huge frescoes for the ceilings and
vaults of palaces and churches. Baroque paintings
showed key elements of cCatholic beliefs. In baroque
iconography the approach was direct, obvious, and
dramatic, intending to appeal above all to the sense
and the emotions. The Baroque style was known as
Rococo in the later part of the period, a style known for
its increasingly decorative and elaborate works.
• Famous Baroque artists included Pater Paul Rubens,
Caravaggio and Rembrandt.

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