ART APPRECIATION

CARD-MRI Development Institute, Inc.

MIDTERM
LAILA D. DIOSO, LPT
COURSE OUTLINE
MIDTERM
Week 3
Mediums in Various Forms of Art
 The Elements of Art
Principle of Art and Design
Week 4
Various Art Movements
Three-Dimensional Arts
TOPIC 1: MEDIUMS IN VARIOUS FORMS OF
ARTS
KWLHS Matrix
Accomplish the first two columns of the following matrix. The
three remaining columns will be answered after all the content
and reading materials have been thoroughly discussed and
examined.
What I Know What I want What I have How did I And So What
to Know Learned learn
ART MANAGEMENT
• The process of running the daily business operation of art
institutions either private or public in nature.
• Museums, art galleries, theatres, opera house, art and cultural
centers etc.
• Art Managers(performs research analyzes target market and considers the
artistic requirements of client. )
• Curators(person who is in charge of the things in a museum)
• Dealers (bridging the gap between the artist and collectors)
• Collectors (collect pieces of arts for institutions)
 MEDIUMS OF ART

• The means by which an artist communicate his idea.

• The materials which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings
or thoughts.
• VISUAL or AUDITORY
VISUAL ART
• Mediums can be seen and which occupy space.
• It can be DIMENSIONAL or TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
• Painting, Drawing, Printmaking, and Photography
• It can also be THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
• Sculpture, Architecture, Landscape, Community Planning, Industrial
Designs, and Crafts like ceramic and furniture.
 MEDIUMS OF VISUAL ARTS
1. PAINTING 10.STAINED GLASS 19.GLASS
2. WATERCOLOR 11.TAPESTRY 20.BISTRE
3. FRESCO 12.DRAWING 21.CRAYONS
4. TEMPERA 13.GRANITE 22.SILVERPOINT
5. PASTEL 14.JADE 23.PRINTMAKING
6. ENCAUSTIC 15.IVORY 24.LITHOGRAPHY
7. OIL 16.METALS 25.WOOD
8. ACRYLIC 17.PLASTER 26.ARCHITECTURE
9. MOSAIC 18.CLAY DESIGN
MEDIUMS OF VISUAL ARTS
PAINTING
 The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments.
 Mediums are applied to wet plaster, wood, or paper.
Watercolor
Watercolor is done with the use of pigments
mixed with water and applied to fine white paper.
 FRESCO
 A painting method done on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water
or a lime water mixture.
 Must be done quickly because it is an exacting medium.
 The image become permanently fixed and almost impossible to remove.
 TEMPERA
 Mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore.
 Characterized by its film-forming properties and rapid drying rate.
 One of the favorite mediums during Middle and Renaissance Ages.
 Advantage of tempera is its luminous tone – the colors being clear and
beautiful.
The Creation of Adam by Michael Angelo
(1508-12)
Idealized Portrait of a Lady by Sandro
Botticelli (1480)
The Musician by Leonardo da
Vinci (1488-90)

• Combination of Tempera and

Oil called TEMPERA
GRASSA.
 PASTEL
 Pastel is a stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk
compounded with gum water.
 Less popular because it is difficult to preserve the finished product in its
original state.
 ENCAUSTIC
 One of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for painting portraits on
mummy cases.
 Done by applying wax colors fixed with heat.
Fayum Mummy Portraits
 OIL
 Pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to the canvas.
 Flexible to use since the artist may use a brush, palette knife, hands.
 Dries slowly and the painting may be changed and reworked.
 Paintings done in oil appears glossy and lasts long.
 ACRYLIC
 Has the transparency and quick-drying characteristics of watercolor and
the flexibility of oil combined.
 The synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic emulsion as binder for coating
the surface of the artwork.
 Acrylic paints do not tend to break easily.
Letting Go by Randy L. Honerlah
 MOSAIC
 The art of putting together small pieces of colored stones or glass called
“tesserae” to create an image.
 STAINED GLASS Common in Gothic cathedrals and churches. It
is made by combining small pieces of colored glass, held together
by bands of lead.
 Commonly depict the lives of a saint or other religious events.
 TAPESTRY
 A fabric produced by hand-weaving colored threads upon a warp.
 Often end up as pictorials, wall hangings, and furniture covering.
Depthfinder by Sonia Sta. Cruz Church, Through the Trees by
King Manila Tordis Kayma
 DRAWING
 Usually done in paper using pencil, pen, and ink, or charcoal.
 It is the most fundamental of all skills necessary in arts.
 GRANITE
 Granular igneous rock composed of feldspar and quartz, usually
combined with other minerals.
 Quite difficult to chisel and good for large work with only few designs.
THE VITRUVIAN MAN Landscape Drawing for Santa Maria Della Neve
Ramses II Colossal statue Pharaoh Sobekhotep V
 JADE
 A fine stone, usually color green, and used widely in Ancient China.
 It is highly steemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashion
jewelry. Symbolize faithfulness, wisdom, and charity.
 IVORY
 Came from the main parts of tusks of elephants.
 Hard white substance used to make carvings and billiard balls.
 METALS
 Includes any of gold, silver or copper, all of crystalline when solid and
many of which are characterized by capacity, ductility, conductivity, and
peculiar luster when freshly fractured.
 PLASTER
 Compose of lime, sand, and water.
 Applied on walls and ceilings and allowed to harden and dry. Extensively
used in manikins, models etc.
 CLAY
 Consist of hydrated silicates of aluminums and is used for making bricks
and ceramics.
 GLASS
 A medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less transparent
substance produced by fusion.
 It can be molded in various colors and shapes.
 BISTRE
 A brown pigment from the soot of wood, and often used in pen and wash
drawings.
 CRAYONS
 Pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for
drawing.
 SILVERPOINT
 The artist uses a silver stylus to produce a thin grayish on specially
prepared paper. Popular during Renaissance period.
 PRINTMAKING
 Anything printed on a surface that is direct result from the duplication
process.
 LITHOGRAPHY
 Surface printing done from an almost smooth surface which has been
treated chemically or mechanically so that some surface areas will print
and others will not.
 WOOD
 Easier to carve than any other mediums because it can be subjected into
variety of treatment.
 ARCHITECTURE
 Architecture is an art, it is the art of designing a building and supervising
its construction.
 MEDIUMS OF VISUAL ARTS
1. PAINTING 10.STAINED GLASS 19.GLASS
2. WATERCOLOR 11.TAPESTRY 20.BISTRE
3. FRESCO 12.DRAWING 21.CRAYONS
4. TEMPERA 13.GRANITE 22.SILVERPOINT
5. PASTEL 14.JADE 23.PRINTMAKING
6. ENCAUSTIC 15.IVORY 24.LITHOGRAPHY
7. OIL 16.METALS 25.WOOD
8. ACRYLIC 17.PLASTER 26.ARCHITECTURE
9. MOSAIC 18.CLAY DESIGN
Flash up!
1. It is a mineral pigments
mixed with egg yolk, and
considered as the favorite
mediums of Reinaissance
Ages.

TEMPERA
Flash up!
2. It is a stick of dried paste
made of pigment ground with
chalk compound with gum water.

PASTEL
Flash up!
3. A person who is in charge of
the things in a museum

CURATOR
Flash up!
4. It came from the main part of
elephant tusks used to make
carvings and billiard balls.

IVORY
Flash up!
5. It is a pigment bound by wax
and compressed into painted
sticks used for drawings.

CRAYONS
Flash up!
7. The art of putting together
small pieces of colored materials
to create images.

MOSAIC
TOPIC 2: THE ELEMENTS OF ART
ELEMENTS OF ART
• The basic components of art-making.
• In order to be successful in art creation, an artist must be able to
intelligently use the elements of art.
• Artworks can be analyzed according to the use of the elements in
a work of art.
• The elements of art are the building blocks of all art.
 1. LINE
• A mark made upon a surface.
• There are many types of lines, including horizontal,
vertical, wavy, diagonal, and more.
• Line may be two or three-dimensional, descriptive.
Implied, or abstract.
2. SHAPES
• Areas of enclosed shaped that are two-dimensional.
• Shapes are flat, and can only have height and width.
• Categories as GEOMETRIC (mathematical like circle and squares)
and ORGANIC (come from nature like cloud and leaves).
3. SPACE
• Deals with the illusion of depth on a flat surface.
• You might overlap shapes to make some look closer, or make
objects in the distance smaller to look like they are farther away.
4. VALUE
• Refers to lightness and
darkness of areas in an artwork.
• White is the lightest value, while
black is the darkest.
• The value halfway between
these extremes is called middle
gray.
5. COLOR
• Made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.
• HUE (name of color), VALUE (hue’s lightness and darkness),
INTENSITY (quality of brightness and purity)
  Primary Colors. Blue, red, and yellow
(BRY).
 Secondary Colors. Green,
orange, and violet (GOV).
 Intermediate Colors. Red-violet
gray
(RV), red-orange (RO), yellow-
orange (YO), yellow-green (YG),
blue-green (BG), blue-violet
(BV). One primary and one
secondary color combination.
 Adjacent Colors. Situated next
Fig. 1-4. Color Wheel to each other in the color
wheel.
6. TEXTURE
• Refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if
touched.
• The surface quality of the artwork.
7. FORM
• Element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume;
includes height, width and depth (as in cube, a sphere, a
pyramid, or a cylinder).
• Form may also be free flowing.
Sing with me !
MEDIUMS OF AUDITORY ARTS
• Auditory arts are those whose mediums can be heard and
which are expressed in time.
• Motion pictures, films, or movies.
• Theatre
• Television
Elements of Auditory Arts
• Poetic devices such as rhythm, image and
metaphor.
• Properties of musical sound such as pitch,
duration, volume and timbre
ELEMENTS OF AUDITORY ARTS AND
COMBINED ARTS

• GRAFFITI
• Writings or drawings which have been scribbled, scratched, or painted
on walls or other surface materials, often within public view.
• Ranged from simple written words of drawings to elaborate wall
paintings.
• Existed since ancient times dating back to Ancient Egypt, Greece and
the Roman Empire.
• Today spray paint and marker pens are usually used as graffiti
materials.
• More often it express socio-political messages.
• DIGITAL ART
• Introduces the digital artists to the world of possibilities for putting their
artistic and creative skill to work online in any number of fields.
• Digital Art Technologies include 3D computer modelling, powerpoint
presentations, web design, film, video, and film making.
• MODIFIED ART EXPRESSION
• A range of techniques, manipulating and experimenting with all aspects of
the works.
• Can be done with calligraphic text, deconstructed books, intricately hand-
cut paper, recycled and re-sculptured materials.
 TRANSCREATION
• The process of adapting a message from one language to another
while maintaining its intent, style, tone, and context.
• Transcreated evokes the same emotions and carries the same
implications in the target languages as it does in the source
language.
• The purpose of transcreation is to transfer the intent, style, vocal
tone, and emotional salience of the message from the source
language to that of the targeted audience.
 TRANSCREATION &
TRANSLATION
• TRANSLATION takes into account the vocabulary, grammar,
syntax, idiom and local ways of the target audience while
remaining faithful to the text as well as to the context of the original
document.
• TRANSCREATION expands the translation by focusing not so
much as the literal text but on discerning the emotional response
by viewers in the source language and working to elicit the same
response from viewers in the target market.
• Transcreation is taking a concept in one language, and completely
recreating it in another language.
• TRANSCREATION OF TEXT TO MUSIC
• In novel or poetry, one can generate music with emotional feeling.
• TRANSCREATION OF TEXT TO DANCE
• Using a dialogue or text to influence and enhance dance performance.
• TRANSCREATION OF DANCE TO VISUAL ART
• Ex. In Ancient Greece, paintings on pots represented dancers. Relief
sculptures in tombs included scene of dancers.
TOPIC 3: PRINCIPLE OF ART AND
DESIGN
 MEANING AND NATURE OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN
• It is the foundation in creating an art. They represent how the
artist, the elements of art to create a better effect as well as to help
the artist to convey his intent.
• The use of the principles will tell us whether an art is successful
and beautiful and whether or not it is finished.
• The artist has the right to choose which principles of design he
wants to use in his artwork.
1. HARMONY
• It is the quality which unifies every part of an arrangement.
• If there is harmony, there is order. Every orderly arrangement is
harmonious.
FIVE ASPECTS OF HARMONY
1. Harmony of lines and shapes.
2. Harmony of size.
3. Harmony of color
4. Harmony of texture
5. Harmony of idea
2. RHYTHM
• In design, rhythm is the regular, uniform, or Rhythm is created when one
related visual movement made through the or more elements of design
are used repeatedly to create
repetition of a unit or a motif.
a feeling of organized
• The basis of almost all performing arts movement.
because it is the principle which is most
quickly felt.
• Classified into FORMAL (uniform) and
INFORMAL.
3. BALANCE
• A condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest,
repose, equilibrium, or stability.
• It is the visual weights of objects ,lines, forms, values,
textures and colors that we really balance.
4. PROPORTION
• Is the art principle which shows pleasing relationship between a whole
and its parts and between the parts themselves.
• It can be achieve through proper arrangement of space divisions.
Proportions are generally expressed in terms of ratios.

The feeling of unity created when all parts

(sizes, amounts, or number) relate with each
other.
5. EMPHASIS It catches the
viewer’s
• The principle of art which tends to carry attention!
the eyes from the center of interest or
dominant part of any composition to
the less important or subordinate part.
• The most essential factor in emphasis
is simplicity. The less thing that should
be emphasized in any arrangement or
composition is the background.
• Methods of Emphasizing Objects:
• A. By arrangement or grouping of
object,
• B. By decoration,
• C. By color contrast
6. PATTERN
• The uniform repetition of any of the elements of art or any combination
thereof.
• Anything can be turned into a pattern through repetition.
• Some classic patterns are spirals, grids, weaves.
7. UNITY the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of
art, which creates a sense of completeness.
VARIETY
• All elements fit together comfortably to guide the viewers eye through
and around the work of art.
8. CONTRAST
• Synonymous to opposition or contradiction.
• Has relationship with balance and emphasis.
• THE RULE OF THIRDS, also called the “rule of thumb.” The guideline
proposes that an image must be imagined as divided into nine equal
parts.
ACTIVITY 2: DeclamaSONG
Search for a song and transcreate it into declamation
maximum of three stanzas.
(Individual)
Organization 30%
Language Skill 30%
Presence 20%
Overall Impression 20%
TOPIC 4: THE VARIOUS ART
MOVEMENTS
 ART MOVEMENT

•Refers to the tendency of style in art has a

specific common philosophy or goal.
1. CAVE PAINTINGS (Parietal Art)
• Painted drawings on a cave or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated
to some 40,000 years ago in Eurasia.
• The exact purpose of Paleolithic cave paintings is not known.
• Remarkably similar around the world, with animals being common
subjects.
• Humans only appears as images of hands.
• Earliest known cave paintings/drawings of animals were found in caves in
the district of Maros, located in Bantimurung district, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia.
2. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART
• Visual arts like painting, sculpture, architecture, and other arts were
produced by the civilization of ancient Egypt.
• 3000 BC to 30 AD, lower Nile Valley.
• Highly stylized and symbolic.
• Include paintings, sculpture in wood, stone and ceramics, drawings on
papyrus, faience jewelry, ivories, and other art media.
• Much of the surviving art comes from the tombs and monuments.
• Emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge of the
past.
3. GREEK ART
• Began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization
• Greek art is mainly five forms: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Pottery,
and Jewelry Making
• Archaic Period (1000 BC), Classical (480 BC), Hellenistic Period (323 BC)
• Influenced culture of many countries particularly in the areas of sculpture
and architecture.
• In the West, the art of Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek
models.
4. ROMAN ART
• Etruscan Period (2000-1000 BC), Roman Period
(2000 BC – 400 AD).
• Subject matter of paintings was ancestor worship,
catacombs, and sarcophagi's.(Etruscan)
• Roman Period: commemorative statue, sarcophagi,
frescoes, and design with vine motifs.
• Sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest
form of art.
5. CHINESE PAINTING (oldest artistic
tradition in the world)
• Traditional painting is done with a brush
dipped in black ink or colored pigments.
• Done in paper or silk.
• Can be mounted in scrolls, album
sheets, walls, lacquerware, folding
screens, and other media.
• GONGBI, (meticulous) highly detail brush
strokes that delimits details very
precisely and highly colored mostly for
royal purposes.
• Landscape is the highest form of
Chinese painting.
• Tang dynasty was the golden age of
Buddhist sculpture.
6. JAPANESE PAINTING (most highly refined
visual arts)
• KAIGA/GADO, one of the oldest and most highly
refined of Japanese visual arts.
• Native Japanese traditions vs Chinese painting
traditions
• Depiction of scenes from everyday life and
narrative scenes that are often crowded with figure
and detail.
7. RENAISSANCE ART (noblest of ancient traditions)
• Begin in Italy in about 1400.
• EARLY RENAISSANCE (13th -14th Century)
• Emphasis on simplicity gesture and expression. Painting
depicted man and nature in Fresco technique.
• HIGH RENAISSANCE (16th Century)
• Center in Florence, Venice. Roman painting style consist of the
deepening of pictorial space, making the sky more dramatic.
Da Vinci introduced the CHIAROSCURO while Michaelangelo
had CONTRAPUESTO TWISTS.
• MANNERISM PERIOD (Late Renaissance Period)
 Battaglia di Anghiari by
Perseus with the Head Leonardo da Vinci,
of Medusa by
Benvenuto Cellini, 1545- Rape of the Sabine
54 Women by
Giambologna, 1581-1583

Allegory of
Venus and
Cupid by
Bronzino,
1545
8. MANNERISM ART
• 1520 up to 17th century.
• Leonardo Da Vinci, Raffaelo Sanzio and Michaelangelo.
• Emphasized the principles of art and design such as proportion.
• Exaggerates qualities of art design often resulting in compositions
that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant.
• Intellectual sophistication.
• In literature and music, notable for highly florid style and intellectual
sophistication.
HOLY TRINITY by
David by Michaelangelo,
MASACCIO, 1425
1501-04

Crucifixion of St. Peter

by CARRAVAGIO, 1601
9. BAROQUE ART (highly ornate and extravagant style)
• Flourished in early 17th century up to 18th century in Europe.
• Painting are ornate and fantastic because they appeal to emotion, sensual
and highly decorative.
• Use of light and shadow for dramatic effects.
• Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Velasquez, Bartolome
Esteban Murillo.
• Sculpture depicted beauty of art and stressed on the expression of
emotion.
• Gian Lorenzo Bermini, La Piedad of Gregorio Fernandez
St. Peter in Tears by Bartolomé Esteban
Murillo, 1650-55

The Ecstasy of
St. Theresa by
Gian Lorenzo
Bermini, 1647-
52
10. ROCOCO ART (graceful style)
• Stated in the 18th century in France during the reign of King Louis XV.
• Emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate presentation of
farm and country.
• Technique made use of soft pastels colors and subject always on the
center of the canvas.
• Jean Antoine Watteau, Jean Honore Fragonard, William Hogart, Joshuea Reynolds,
and Francois Boucher.
• Rococo architects took a style of simple exterior while interior are
dominated by ornaments.
• Design was theatrical and designed to impress and awe at first sight.
Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage on the
Isle of Cythera (1717)

Kaisersaal of Wurzburg
Residence by Balthasar
Neumann(1749–51)
11. NEO-CLASSICISM ART (simplicity and symmetry in art)
• Started in Rome in mid-18th century.
• Considered as the highest rank given to Western movements in the
decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture.
• Principles of simplicity and symmetry.
• Select some models of the possible classics that are available to it and
ignore others.
Jacques-Louis David; Oath of the
Horatii; 1784; oil on canvas

Resting Faun (Faune, resting

on one goat trap and a wine
bag); by Johan Tobias Sergel;
1770
Buckingham Palace Brandenburg gate by
London by John Nash Carl Gotthard
Langhans
12. NEO-IMPRESSION (science-based interpretation of urban
and rural scenes)
• Coined by French art critique Felix Feneon in 1886 to describe the art
movement founded by George Seurat.

13. IMPRESSIONISM
– Accurate depiction of light in the ordinary subject matter.
– Characterized by relatively small, than and yet visible brush
strokes, open composition, as well as emphasis on accurate
depiction of light in its changing qualities o ordinary subject
matter.
 A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La
Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat, 1884-86

Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant

(Impression, Sunrise), 1872
14. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
– Began between 1888 to 1905
– Paul Cezanne was the father of post-impressionism.
– Characterized by abstract form, bright colors, distorted images,
and disregard of natural colors.
– Ex. Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh, Vision After the Sermon
by Paul Gauguin
15. ART NOVEAU (emphasis on natural
forms and structure)
• Popular in 1890 to 1910
• Typical decorative flat patterns mostly
curvaceous in shape.
• Artistic design especially depicted on birds,
flowers, insects, hair, and curvaceous bodies
of beautiful woman.
16. FAUVISM (extremely bright
color art works)
• Flourished in 1903 to 1907
• Henri Matisse led the movement.
• Paint pictures of comfort, joy, and
pleasure.
• They used extremely bright colors.

Henri Matisse, Le bonheur de vivre, 1905-6,

Henri Matisse, Luxe, Calme et Volupte, 1904,

17. EXPRESSIONISM
• Spiritual rebirth in a materialistic age.
• Introduced in Germany in early 20th century.
• They believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in age
that was becoming influenced by materialism.
• The emotional expressions is expressionist paintings can be
described as involving pathos, morbidity, violence, or chaos, and
tragedy.
• emotional experience rather than physical reality.
Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893

Mad Woman (1920)

Artist: Chaim Soutine

The Large Blue Horses (1911)

By Franz Marc
18. CUBISM (emphasis
in the use of geometrical
shapes)
• Developed in France
• Abstract form through
the use of cone,
cylinder, or sphere at
the expense of other
pictorial elements.
• Pablo Picasso, Paul
Cezanne, Georges
Braque etc.

Albert Gleizes, L'Homme au Balcon, Pablo Picasso, 1910, Girl

Man on a Balcony ,1912 with a Mandolin
19. FUTURISM
• Developed in Italy
• Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the
speed and force of modern industrial society.
• Subjects include automobiles, motorcycles, and
railroad trains.
Natalia Goncharova, Cyclist, 1913

Joseph
Stella, Battle of
Lights, Coney
Island, 1913-14
20. ABSTRACTIONISM
• Texture and shapes are more important than real-life objects.
• To move away or separate away thing from showing things as they really
are.
• The picture is not just like life and rendered not realistic.
• In sculpture the artist ignored the exact forms of real-life objects.
• Abstract subjects can be: DISTORTION (misshapen), ELONGATION
(protraction or extension), and MANGLING (cut, lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated blows)
• Ex. Bird In Space by Constantin Brancusi.
21. DADAISM
• Art is playful and highly experimental.
• Formed in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland.
• Dadaist reacted to what they believed were outworn traditions in art and
the evils they saw in society.
• Tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing,
poetry recitals, and art exhibitions.
• The best known Dadaist is the French artist Marcel Duchamp.
 LHOOQ (1919)
Artist: Marcel Duchamp
The Fountain, 1917
22. SURREALISM
• Founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton.
• Uses art as weapon against the evil and restriction that surrealists see in
society,
• It tries to reveal a new and higher reality than that of daily life.
• “Super realism”
• Subjects attempt to show what is inside man’s mind as well as the
appearance of this outside world.
• Create forms and images not primarily by reason, but by unthinking
impulse and blind feeling or even accident.
• Ex. Benjamin Mendoza
The Burning Giraffe
by Salvador Dali

Max Ernst, The

Elephant Celebes,
1921
23. CONSTRUCTIVISM
• Started in early 20th Textile Design
century in Russia. (c. 1924)
Artist: Lyubov
• Derived as one directives Popova
that it contained was to
construct art because of
the admiration for
machines and technology.
Naum Gabo
Spiral
Theme 1941
24. De Still or Neoplasticism
• Founded in 1917 in Leiden, Netherlands.
• Advocate pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials
of form and color using only black, white and primary colors.
• Theo van Doesburg

Theo van
Piet Mondrian, Composition en
Doesburg, Composition
couleur A, 1917
VII (the three graces) 1917
25. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
• Characterized by strong canvasses and strong colors.
• Originated in New York after WWII.
• Departs completely from subject matter, from studied
precision, and from any kind of preconceived design.
• Jackson Pollock

Arshile Gorky, The Liver is the Cock's Comb (1944)

Jackson Pollock, No. 5, 1948

26. OPTICAL ART
• Uses optical illusion created from black and white.
• Op art works are abstract, with better known pieces are created from
black and white.

Movement in Squares, by Bridget Riley 1961

27. POP ART
• Started in Britain and US during 1950s
• Use of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of
any culture, most often through the use of irony.
• Opposed elitism.
• Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton in Britain, Larry Rivers, Robert
Rauschenberg, and Jasper Johns in US.
• Pop art often takes imagery that is currently use in advertising.
Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So
EDUARDO PAOLOZZI (1924- 2005)
Different, So Appealing? (1956)
'I was a Rich Man's Plaything' , 1947 (collage)
Artist: Richard Hamilton
28. POST-MINIMALISM
• Artist use unprocessed materials.
• Emerged in late 1970s.
• Uses materials that are unprocessed,
uncomposed, and sagged instead of using
industrial and fabricated materials to
achieved the desired purpose.
• The most important art was “Untitled” by
Eva Hesse.

Grace Kelly III

By Imi Knoebel
29. CONCEPTUAL ART
• Following a set of written instructions, concepts, or ideas take precedence
over traditional aesthetic, technical and material concern.
• The IDEA or CONCEPT is the most important aspect of the work.
• Joseph Kosuth, Lawrence Weiner etc.

One and Three Chairs (1965)

Artist: Joseph Kosuth
30. PHOTOREALISM
• Began in 1960s and 1970s in US.
• Genre of art that encompasses painting,
drawing, and other graphic media, in
which the artist study the photograph
and then attempts to reproduce the
image as realistically in another
medium.

Self-Portrait (1967-68)
Artist: Chuck Close
31. INSTALLATION ART
• A form of conceptual art whereby the objects or materials are configured or
arranged in a room or spaces to present a message to the viewer.
• The viewers are allowed to experience the craftmanship of the artist

Walter De Maria, The Lightning Field, 1977 Rachel Whiteread, Embankment at Tate Modern, London
32. BODY ART(emphasis is on human body)
• Form of body painting, using the body as a canvas or artwork employing
color pigments for cultural motives.
• Face painting, Body painting, and Tattoo art are form of body art that dates
back from pre-historic times.
• Modern day body art is utilized as a cosmetic make-up as shown in stage
plays, television programs, in circuses and movie characters.
• Chris Burden, Gina Pane, Benjamin Vantier etc.
33. LAND ART
• Earthworks, Earth Art, or Landscape Art
• Started in US in the 1960s
• Uses materials such as stones, rocks, clay to create artistic imagery.
• The purpose of the artwork is to touch the sensibilities of man towards the
environment.
• Special Jetty by Robert Smithson, Encirclement of Eleven Florida Islands
in Pink Polypropylene Fabric by Christo Javacheff and Jean-Claude
 Richard Long
Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson from atop Rozel
Sahara Circle 1988
Point, in mid-April 2005
34. PERFORMANCE ART (use of body and voices to convey artistic
expression)
• Art form emerged in 1970s in America.
• The artist performs or expresses his art before a live audience in form of
dance, music, video, drama, painting, and film.
• Can be perform anywhere such as in cafes, bars, museums, general
assemblies, auditorium, square, even on streets.
The Anthropometries of the Blue Period (1958)
Artist: Yves Klein
QUIZ 3
TOPIC 5: THREE-DIMENSIONAL
ART
Definition
• Three-dimensional art occupies space defined through the
dimensions of height, width and depth. It includes sculpture,
installation and performance art, craft and product design.
All About 3D
Sculpture
• Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three
dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts.
• Durable sculptural processes originally used carving and
modelling, in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials
but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete
freedom of materials and process.

Mother’s Revenge by Jose

Rizal
Full-round sculpture
Full-round sculpture, also called sculpture in the round, is
sculpture that is intended for viewing from any side. This contrasts with
relief sculpture, which is designed to be seen only from one side.

It inhibits three-dimensional space in the same way that living things

do.
Sculpture in the round cannot be appreciated from only a single
viewpoint but must be circled and explored.
Relief Sculpture
Relief is a sculptural technique where the
sculpted elements remain attached to a
solid background of the same material.

The term relief is from the Latin verb

relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in
relief is to give the impression that the
sculpted material has been raised above
the background plane.

The back of the relief sculpture is not

meant to be seen, the entire design can
be understood from a frontal view.
 Linear Sculpture
• Linear sculptures focuses on art that is created
through linear lines using different materials.
• Linear sculpture, emphasizes construction with
linear items such as wire or neon tubing. Artworks
using linear materials and occupying three-
dimensional space will occasionally puzzle us as
we try to decide whether they are really linear or
full-round.
• Kinetic sculpture in which movement (as of a motor-driven
part or a changing electronic image) is a basic element. It is a
kind of structure where the parts or a certain part are movable.
 Assemblage Sculpture
Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of
three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-
dimensional medium. A kind of structure where in the elements present are just assemble from
things that are found in the surrounding.
Methods of Sculpture
1. Subtraction / carving – cut away unwanted raw material;
carving away
2. Manipulation/ modeling – shape material with the use of
hands
3. Substitution/ casting – material that is cast from one state to
another
4. Assembling/ fabrication – add an element to another
element
 Subtraction /
carving
Carving is a subtractive method in
which excess material is removed from
a solid block of a substance like wood or
stone. Carvers use tools like chisels and
gouges.
In fact, the most sculptures throughout
history were made using this method.
 Manipulation/ modeling
Modeling is an additive process, as opposed
to carving, the other main sculptural
technique, in which portions of a hard
substance are cut away to reveal form.

Unlike carving, corrections are possible

during modeling, and the result—fired clay or
preserved wax—is not as permanent as a
stone or wood carving. Modeled work,
however, may be reproduced in stone by
pointing (transferring the proportions of the
model to the block of stone by mechanical
means) or, in metal, by casting.
 Substitution/ casting
• In the casting process, an artist creates a
sculpture from a soft, malleable substance
such as wax, plaster or clay.
• This sculpture will serve as the model that
will be encased in plaster, silica or some
other substance to make a cast. Eventually,
a fireproof cast is produced that can be filled
with molten metal such as bronze.
• When the metal cools, the result is a metal
version of the original sculpture. The major
benefit of casting is that the artist may be
able to produce multiple copies of the
sculpture using the same cast.
 Assembling/ fabrication
• The most modern sculpting technique, also
known as assembly or construction. The
artist will take existing materials and attach
them together in some fashion, with the
resulting combination of materials forming
the sculpture.
• Sculptures created through this process
typically use found objects, such as scrap
metal pieces that are welded together.
• A creation of art is done through joining or
fastening. It also includes welding, gluing,
stapling, soldering, nailing materials
together.
Application:Among the different art movement we
spoke about in class, which one was the most
interesting for you?
Assessment
THANK YOU!