First order first degree D.E.

A differential equation of the form M(x , y )dy + N(x , y)dx =0

dy f1 (x,y)
or = is called a first order and first degree
dx f2(x,y)
differential equation. For example -
dy 1+ y 2
= is a first order and first degree D.E
dx 1+ x 2

To solve this kind of differential equation, first we have to separate

the variables and after integrating we will find its solution.

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 First order first degree D.E.
Problem : Solve the differential equations
dy 1+ y 2
(a) = (b) sec 2
x tan y dx +sec 2
y tan x dy
dx 1+ x 2

dy æ 2 dy ö
(c) y - x =a ç y + ÷ (d) (e y +1)cosxdx +e y sin x dy =0
dx è dx ø

Solution: (a) Given that

dy 1+ y 2
=
dx 1+ x 2
Þ (1+ x 2 )dy =(1+ y 2 )dx
Separating the variables, we get
dy dx
=
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 First order first degree D.E.

Integrating both sides, we get

1 1
ò1+ y 2 dy =ò1+ x 2 dx Þ tan y =tan x +c
-1 -1

Þ tan - 1 y - tan - 1 x =tan - 1 A éëtan - 1 A =c =constant ùû

y- x
-1 y- x
Þ tan =tan - 1 A Þ =A
1+ xy 1+ xy

Þ y - x =A(1+xy) (Ans.)
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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (b): Given that
2 2
sec x tan y dx +sec y tan x dy =0
2 2
Þ sec x tan y dx =- sec y tan x dy
Separating the variables, we get
sec2 x sec2 y
dx =- dy
tan x tan y

Integrating both sides, we get

'
f (x)
log tan x =- log tan y +c [∵ò dx =log f (x)]
f (x)
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 First order first degree D.E.

Þ log tan x +log tan y =log A

Þ log(tan x tan y)=log A
Þ tan x tan y =A (Ans)

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (c):
Given that
dy æ 2 dy ö
y - x =a ç y + ÷
dx è dx ø
dy 2 dy
Þ y- x =ay + a
dx dx
2 dy dy
Þ y - ay =x +a
dx dx
dy
Þ y(1- ay ) =(x + a)
dx
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 First order first degree D.E.
Separating the variables, we get
dx dy
=
x +a y(1+ay)
dx æ 1 a ö
Þ =ç - ÷ dy
x +a è y 1+ay ø

Integrating both sides, we get

'
f (x)
log(x +a)+c =log y - log(1+ay) [∵ò dx =log f (x)]
f (x)

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 First order first degree D.E.

log(x +a)+log A =log y - log(1+ay)

y
Þ log A(x +a)=log
1+ay

y
Þ A(x +a) = (Ans.)
1+ay

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (d):
Given that
y y
(e +1)cosxdx +e sin x dy =0
y y
Þ (e +1)cosxdx =- e sin x dy
Separating the variables, we get
cos ey
dx =- y
dy
sin x 1+e
Integrating both sides, we get
'
f (x)
logcos x =- log(1+e )+c [∵ò
y
dx =log f (x)]
f (x)
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 First order first degree D.E.

y
Þ logcos x =- log(1+e )+log A

A
Þ logcos x =log
1+e y

A
Þ cos x = (Ans.)
1+e y

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 First order first degree D.E.
Art.: Equations Reducible to the form in which
variables are separable.

dy
If an D.E. equation is of the form =f (ax +by +c) then
dx
we let, ax +by +c =v
dy dv dy 1 æ dv ö
\ a +b = i.e. = ç - a ÷to separate the variables
dx dx dx b è dx ø
Solve the following D.Es:
dy dy 2
(a) =(4x + y +1)2 2
(b) (x - y) =a
dx dx
2 dy
(c)(x + y) =a2 .
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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (a): Given that

dy 2
=(4x + y +1) ...........(1)
dx
Let 4x + y +1 =v then
dy dv
4+ =
dx dx
dy dv
Þ = -4
dx dx
Now from (1), we get
dv 2 dv
- 4 =v Þ =v 2 + 4
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dx dx 12
 First order first degree D.E.
Now separating the variables, we get
dv
2
=dx
v +4
Now integrating both sides, we get
1
òv 2 +22 dv =òdx
1 -1 v
Þ tan =x + c
2 2
1 - 1 4x + y +1
Þ tan =x + c (Ans.)
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2 2 13
 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (b): Given that
dy
2 2
(x - y) =a ...........(1)
dx
Let x - y =v then
dy dv
1- =
dx dx
dy dv
Þ =1 -
dx dx
Now from (1), we get
2
æ dv ö 2
v ç1- ÷ =a
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è dx ø 14
 First order first degree D.E.
dv a2
Þ 1- = 2
dx v

dv a2 dv v 2 - a2
Þ =1 - 2 Þ =
dx v dx v2
Þ v 2dv =(v 2 - a2 )dx
Now separating the variables, we get
v2
2 2
dv =dx
v -a
v 2 - a2 +a2
Þ 2 2
dv =dx
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 First order first degree D.E.
æ a2 ö
Þ ç1- 2 2 ÷dv =dx
è v -a ø
Integrating both sides, we get
æ a2 ö
òçè1- v 2 - a2 ÷ dv =òdx
ø
1 v- a é 1 1 x- aù
ê∵ò 2 2 dx = log
2
Þ v- a log =x +c ú
2a v +a ë x -a 2a x +a û

a x- y- a a x- y- a
Þ x - y - log =x +c Þ y + log =- c
2 x - y +a 2 x - y +a

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