Parenting Styles and

Goal Orientations
 PARENTING STYLES

● Diana Baumrind, a developmental psychologist, first laid out these types of

parenting styles in the 1960s through her research at the University of

California, Berkeley. She conducted a series of studies that looked at

people’s approach to parenting based on the demands they placed on their

children (Control) and their responsiveness to their kids’ needs(Warmth),

and identified three primary parenting styles. A fourth parenting style was

added later by two other researchers.

Links for Parenting Styles-
● https://yscsportsmentaledge.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/athletic-parenting-
styles/
● https://www.brighthorizons.com/family-resources/parenting-style-four-types
-of-parenting
● https://www.verywellfamily.com/types-of-parenting-styles-1095045
● https://modernparentsmessykids.com/parenting-styles-competitive-sports-
kids-not-house/
● https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/here-are-the-best-parent
s-to-have-around-according-to-youth-sport-coaches-119061700199_1.html
● https://www.parentingforbrain.com/4-baumrind-parenting-styles/
 Goal Orientations
● In the sporting world, science has actually broken down goal orientation in players and
staff into two, all-encompassing types. The first type of goal orientation in this industry
is called “task orientation”. In task orientation, the player or staffer works toward a
performance goal based purely on a motivation to achieve the goal as a matter of job
duty and betterment.
● On the other hand, “ego orientation” is the type of goal orientation driven strictly by
personal, egotistical reasons. The desire to simply impress fans or to gain notoriety
through achieving some sort of new record are examples of this type of ego-based goal
orientation. In addition, some players’ and staffers’ goal orientations can be a hybrid of
ego-based as well as task-based in nature. (Duda, 1992)
● In task orientation, ability evaluation is self-referenced, and is judged in relation to one’s own
perceived mastery, understanding, or knowledge. Improving mastery and the execution of the task
at hand remains the athlete’s major concern. In addition, perceived success is founded on personal
improvement, skill learning, and effort exhibition. Overall, task orientation corresponds to adaptive
cognitions and positive achievement behaviors, such as sustained involvement in athletic settings,
practice, and optimal motivation, regardless of the person’s level of perceived ability
● On the other hand, an athlete is “ego oriented” when perceived ability is evaluated with regard to the
performance of others implying a heavy reliance on social comparison for estimating personal
ability. In this interpersonal comparison, outperforming the others with the least effort signifies
superior competence. It is in this type of challenge that negative achievement behaviors (such as
debilitated performance, deceptive tactics, reduced effort, and a lack of persistence) and
maladaptive cognitive responses are assumed to result when individuals are ego-oriented and doubt
their competence. It is supposed that an ego orientated athlete will show increased motivation only
in conditions of high competence exceeding the demands of competition.
 Links
● https://www.organizationalpsychologydegrees.com/faq/what-is-goal-orientatio
n/
● http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.913.2431&rep=rep1
&type=pdf
● https://www.rug.nl/staff/n.van.yperen/8._sjmss_1999_with_duda_92.pdf
● https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1356336x010073005
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0361476X0191104X
● https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/pes/5/3/article-p234.xml
● https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01499/full