Instrument Errors – Zero, Span, Linearity

Prepared by: “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you

were to live forever.”
Jeremi Marco M Mahatma Gandhi
Types of maintenance
Preventive maintenance (PM)
Its mission is to maintain a level of certain service on equipment, programming
the interventions of their vulnerabilities in the most opportune time. It is used
to be a systematic character, that is, the equipment is inspected even if it has
not given any symptoms of having a problem..

Corrective maintenance (CM)

The set of tasks is destined to correct the defects to be found in the
different equipment and that are communicated to the maintenance
department by users of the same equipment..

Breakdown maintenance (BDM)

Breakdown maintenance is maintenance performed on a piece of equipment
that has broken down, faulted, or otherwise cannot be operated. The goal of
breakdown maintenance is to fix something that has malfunctioned.

Quality maintenance
Quality Maintenance is the sixth pillar of TPM and aims to assure zero defect
conditions. It does this by understanding and controlling the process
interactions between manpower, material, machines and methods that could
enable defects to occur..
Instrument Errors – Zero, Span, Linearity

Suppose an electronic pressure transmitter has an input range of 0 to 100 PSI and an
output range of 4 to 20 mA. When subjected to a 5-step up-and-down “As-
Found” calibration test, it responds as such:

Sketch this instrument’s ideal transfer function on the

graph, along with its actual transfer function graph based
on the measured values recorded as shown in above
table. Then, determine what kind of calibration error it has
(zero shift, span shift, hysteresis, and/or linearity): Finally,
identify how this calibration error might be corrected. What
steps or procedures would you follow to rectify this
problem?
 Solution
This instrument has a zero shift error, but not a span shift or linearity error.
Ideal transfer function
Actual Transfer Function

Zero Error
 Actual Transfer Function
Span Error

A span error would look something like this (wrong slope):

 Actual Transfer Function
Linearity Error

A linearity error would look something like this (not a straight line)
Instrument Errors – Zero, Span, Linearity

 A zero error is usually correctable by simply adjusting

the “zero” screw on an analog instrument, without
making any other adjustments.
 Span errors, by contrast, usually require multiple
adjustments of the “zero” and “span” screws while
alternately applying 0% and 100% input range values to
check for correspondence at both ends of the linear
function.
 For a SMART Transmitter, you can do zero trim and
span trim using a HART communicator, by applying the
respective value of process variable to the transmitter
input and apply zero & span trims accordingly.
 Thank You
Instrument Errors – Zero, Span, Linearity
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