CARDIOVASCULAR

DISEASES
- DISORDERS OF THE HEART AND BLOOD
CIRCULATION (BLOOD VESSELS)
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ATHEROSCLEROSIS & ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Process
1. Excessive cholesterol, especially LDL and saturated fats are deposited in
the arterial wall beneath the epithelium.

2. Next, fibrous tissues, dead muscle cells and blood platelets are
deposited together with fats and cholesterol in the arterial wall.
Atheroma is formed. This condition is known as atherosclerosis.

3. The fibrous tissue within the patch of atheroma often becomes calcified
by calcium ions and hardened, causing the portion of arterial wall to
become hard and less elastic. This condition is known as
arteriosclerosis. 3
ATHEROSCLEROSIS & ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Process
4. Overtime, the plaque becomes larger and thicker. The plaque on the
endothelial lining could protrude into the lumen of the artery, narrowing
the artery.

5. If the enlarging plaque breaks through the weakened endothelial lining

that covers it, platelets then stick to the cracked surface forming a clot
called thrombus. Thrombus may grow at arteriosclerosis site and block the
artery, this is known as thrombosis.

6. If thrombosis occurs in coronary arteries, cardiac tissue will suffer oxygen

starvation and will be damaged or die and heart attack (or myocardial
infarctions ) occurs. 4
ATHEROSCLEROSIS & ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Process

7. If the thrombosis occurs in arteries of the brain, brain tissue will be

damaged due to the lack of oxygen, stroke occurs.

8. Portion of blood clot on arteriosclerosis sites can detached and flow in

the circulatory system freely, this circulating clot is called embolus. The
blocking of blood flow at artery by embolus is known as embolism.

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HYPERTENSION
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted on the walls of the blood
vessels
- Normal blood pressure for an adult human is 120/80 mmHg
- 120 mmHg is the highest pressure measured in the aorta and the arteries
during ventricular systole(contraction)
- 80 mmHg is the lowest pressure measured in the aorta and the arteries
during ventricular diastole(relaxation)

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HYPERTENSION

sphygmomanometer
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HYPERTENSION
Effect
- Heart: Hypertension increases stress on heart as the heart has
to pump harder. Cardiac muscle will lose its elasticity leads to
heart failure

- Brain: Tiny arteries in the brain may rupture and leads to stroke

- Kidney: narrowing of glomerular arteries and increasing risk of

renal failure.
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Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases

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Prepared by : Soon Chee Ning
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