Engr Ren

Lesson 3 - Filters
Filters
 Is a frequency – selective circuit.
 Designed to pass some frequencies and reject
others.

 Active / passive
4 basic kinds of filter circuits
 Low-pass filter
 High-pass filter
 Bandpass filter
 Band-reject filter
Low pass filter
 Passes frequencies below a critical frequency
called the cut off frequency and greatly
attenuates those above the cut off freq.
 Referred to as high-cut filters
Low – pass filter
 At low frequencies, the capacitor has very
high reactance compared to R, therefore the
attenuation is minimum
Low-pass filter
 The cut off freq is the point where
 Xc = R
 It is also called critical freq
 fco = 1 / 2RC
Problem 1
 What is the cut off freq. of a single-section RC
low-pass filter with R=8.2 kohm and C=0.0033
uF?
 At the cutoff freq, the output amplitude is
70.7% of the input amplitude at lower freq
called the 3dB down point.
 At frequencies above the cutoff freq, the
amplitude decreases at a linear rate of 6 dB
per octave or 20 dB per decade
 Octave – defined as a doubling or halving of
frequency
 Decade – represents 1/10 relationship
Low-pass filter
 Can also be implemented with an inductor and a resistor.
 The fco is determined by: R/2L
High-Pass Filter
 Passes frequencies above a critical freq/ cutoff freq
but rejects those below it
 At low frequencies, the capacitor has very
high reactance compared to R, therefore the
attenuation is maximum

 Xc = R
 fco=1/ 2RC
 The roll off rate is 6 dB per octave or 20 per
decade

 A high-pass filter can also be implemented

with a coil and a resistor.
Problem 2
 What is the resistor value that will produce a
cutoff freq of 3.4 kHz with a 0.047-uF
capacitor in a high-pass RC filter?
RC Notch Filter
 Referred to as bandstop or band-reject filter.
 Used greatly to attenuate a narrow range of
freq around a center point.
Parallel-T or twin-T notch filter
 The center notch freq is computed:

 fnotch=1 / 2RC
Problem 3
 What values of capacitors would you use in an
RC twin-T notch filter to remove 120 Hz if
R=220 kohm?
Bandpass Filter
 It allows a narrow range of frequencies
around a center frequency f to pass with
minimum attenuation but reject frequencies
above and below this range.
Active Filters
 Are freq-selective circuits that incorporate RC
networks and amplifiers to produce low pass.
High pass, bandpass and bandstop
performance.
Advantages
 Gain
 No inductors
 Easy to tune
 Isolation
AS: Handwritten
 Define OP-AMP
 Discuss the different types of op-amp
 What are the characteristics of an ideal and
actual op-amp?

 [include the author,title,control no. and page

no of the book reference from the auf library]
 end