Chapter 13 : HOMEOSTASIS AND THE HUMAN

URINARY SYSTEM

13.1 Homeostasis
13.2 Urinary System
13.3 Health Issues Related To
The Urinary System
 13.1 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is regulation of physical and chemical factors
for cell to function optimum condition
1. The internal enviroment of the body is influenced by:
(a) Physical factors such as body temperature and blood pressure.
(b) Chemical factors of the blood such as sugar level and pH
2. Homeostasis – originate from greek word - Homeo = same
- Stasis = constant
3. Homeostasis uses the negative feedback mechanisms to return
things back to normal
4. Homeostasis involve these components: (a) Normal condition
(b) Stimulus
(c) Receptors
(d) Corrective mechanism
(e) Negative Feedback
 Regulating body temperature
• constant body temperature = 37 °C
• the homeostasis mechanism is important to make sure the enzyme
function optimumly
• High Temperature = enzyme get denatured
• Low Temperature = slow down metabolism reaction that are
catalysed by enzyme
• changes in temperature is detected by thermoreceptors and
hypothamlamus
BODY TEMPERATURE

DETECTED BY

THERMORECEPTORS THERMORECEPTOR IN SKIN

IN HYPOTHALAMUS
 COOLING OF BODY
• Physical Methods
The sweat gland produces
more sweat. Heat is absorbed
to evaporate sweat to cool
the skin

Arterioles in the skin goes

through validation to allow
more blood to flow to the
skin surface. More heat is
released to the enviroment
Erector muscle – do not
through radiation
constrict and fine hair will
lower towards the skin
Skeletal muscle contracts surface. A thin layer of air is
and relax lesser. Body do not trapped between the fine hair.
shiver Heat is released quickly
 COOLING OF BODY
• Chemical Methods

Adrenal glands are less

stimulated to secrete
adrenaline. Metabollic rate
decreases

Thyroid gland is not

stimulated and secretion of
thyroxine is reduced.
Metabolic rate decreases. No
excess heat is generated
 WARMING OF BODY
• Physical Methods
Erector muscle – do not
constrict and fine hair will
lower towards the skin
surface. A thin layer of air is
trapped between the fine hair.
Heat is released quickly
Sweat gland is not
stimulated. Sweating
does not happen.
Skeletal muscle contracts
and relax lesser so that body
shiver. Heat is generated and
the body temperature
increases.
Arterioles in the skin are
stimulated to constrict
(Vasoconstriction). The
result is less blood flow to
the surface of the skin. Less
heat is lost to the
enviroment
 WARMING OF BODY
• Chemical Methods

Adrenal glands are

The thyroid gland is
stimulated to to secrete
stimulated to secrete
more adrenaline. This
more thyroxine which
hormone speeds up the
will increase the
conversion of glycogen
metabollic rate. More
to glucose. The oxidation
heat is generated for
of glucose releases heat
the body.
to warm the body
 REGULATION OF BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS
• Pancreas – responsible for maintaining blood sugar
Normal range = ( 7-110 mg/100 ml)
• Langerhans cell in pancreas produce – insulin and glucose
Into Bloodstream
Regulate blood
sugar level
• Failure in production, secretion and intake of insulin by target cells
can cause diabetus mellitus(diabetes)
• Blood sugar of a diabetic patient is usually high and unstable after
meal
• Diabetes Mellitus can be controlled through •Insulin injections
•Pills
•Proper diet
 REGULATION OF PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON
DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD
• Breathing - involuntary action that is regulated by respiratory control
centre in medula oblongata
During vigorous activity,
Carbon Carbonic Hydrogen Bicarbonate
partial pressure of CO2 + water +
Dioxide acid ion ion
increase due to cellular
respiration

Partial pressure of carbon
dioxide and blood pH levels
go back to normal
•pH value of blood and tissue fluid that flood the brain
decreases
•Change in pH is detected by central chemoreceptor in
the medulla oblongata and peripheral chemoreceptor in
neck ( carotid body and aortic body )

•Breathing rate, heart rate, ventilation rate Intercostal muscle, diaphragm

increases and cardiac muscle contract and
•More CO2 gas is expelled from the lungs relax quickly
 REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• Baroreceptors or pressure receptors are located in aortic arch and
carotid artery.
• Carotid artery – artery in neck that supplies blood to the head
- detect pressure of blood flowing and send impulses
to the cardiovascular control centre in medulla
oblongata to regulate blood pressure
 REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
When blood pressure When blood pressure
drops increases

Baroreceptors in the Baroreceptors in the

aortic arch and carotid aortic arch and carotid
artery are less stimulated artery are stimulated

Cardiovascular control
Cardiovascular control
centre in medulla
centre in medulla
oblongata is less
oblongata is stimulated
stimulated

When blood pressure

•Arterial Vasconstriction drops •Arterial Vasolidation
occurs. This adds occurs. This reduce the
resistance to the flow of resistance to the flow of
blood in the blood in the
bloodstream bloodstream
•Stronger contractions • Weak contractions of
of cardiac muscle cardiac muscle
 URINARY SYSTEM
• Made up of Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder and Urethra
• Function: - excrete nitrogenous compound wastes such as urea
- regulate the volume of body fluids, blood osmotic
pressure, ion concentration in body fluids, elecrolyte
content and blood pH
 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEYS
• Kidney consists of cortex and medulla
• Urine formed flows into Pelvis
• Function of kidneys:- excretion
- osmoregulation
- excrete toxic wastes
- controls the total volume of water,
concentration of ions, blood osmotic pressure, electrolyte
content and pH of blood and body fluids
• Renal artery carries oxygenated blood
from heart to the kidneys
• Renal vein carries deoxygenated blood
from kidney back to heart
• Urine flows to the bladder through ureter
 PRODUCTION OF URINE
• Three major process in production of urine:- ultrafiltration
- reabsorption
- secretion
 NEPHRON

•Kidneys are made up of millions of functional units calls nephrons

•Each nephron are made up of:- Bowman’s capsule
- Glomerulus
- Renal tube
•Bowman’s capsule is cup-shaped and contains a cluster of blood
capillaries called glomerulus
•Glomerulus is formed from afferent arteriole branching from the renal
artery.
•Renal tubules are composed of proximal convoluted tubules, loop of
Henle and distal convoluted tubule
•Loop of Henle is a long U-shaped tubule that extends to the renal
medulla. The distal convoluted tubule of several nephrons join together
into a collecting duct
•The produced urine will flow from the collecting duct to the ureter
 1. ULTRAFILTRATION IN BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
• Blood entering glomerulus is under high hydrostatic pressure
because the diameter of the afferent arteriole is larger than the
diameter of the efferent arteriole. Hydrostatic pressure causes
ultrafiltration to happen
• Ultrafiltration – the process of fluid seeping through the walls of the
glomerulus capillaries into the cavity of Bowman’s Capsule
• Fluid that enters the Bowman’s capsule is known as the glomerular
filtrate.
• Glomerular filtrate – has the same composition as the blood plasma
but does not contain red blood cell, platelets and plasma proteins.
• Red blood cells and plasma proteins remain
in the blood flowing to the efferent arteriole
because the size of the substances are too
large to seep out of the glomerulus
 REABSORPTION AT THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES
• Reabsorption of the glomerular filtrate occurs along the renal tubule.
• The dissolved substances premeate across the renal rubular walls
into the blood capilary network
• Sodium ions (Na+) are actively pumped into the capillary network and
chloride ions(CL-) are passively absorbed
• The reabsorption of 100% glucose and amino acids also occurs
through active transport
• The movement of dissolved substances into the blood capillary
network reduces the concentration of dissolved substances in the
glomerular filtrate but increases the concentration of dissolved
substances in the blood capillaries.
• The high concentration of dissolved substances in blood forces water
to diffuse pass the blood capillaries through osmosis.
 REABSORPTION AT THE LOOP OF HENLE AND DISTAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULE
• In the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed through osmosis.
• Sodium ions(Na+) is reabsorbed through active transport.
• In distal convoluted, more water, chloride ions and sodium
ions are reabsorbed.
• The amount of water and salt reabsorbed depend on the
water and salt content content in the blood
 SECRETION
• Process of secreting waste materials in the blood that were not
filtered earlier into the renal tubule.
• This process is the opposite to the process of reabsorption
• Occurs along the renal tubule and collecting duct but is most active at
the distal covoluted tubule
• Occurs through simple diffusion and active transport
• Substances that are secretes are:- Hydrogen ions(H+)
- Potassium ions(K+)
- Ammounium ions(NH4+)
- urea, creatinine, toxic substances
• Secretion get rids of toxic wastes and helps to regulate the level of
ions in the blood
 FORMATION OF URINE
• When the renal fluid reahes the collecting duct, only a small amount
of salt are left and most of the water are absorbed back into the
bloodstream.
• The remaining renal fluid is now called urine, flows down the
collecting duct.
• A small amount of urea diffuses out into the surrouding fluid and
blood capillaries due to its small moleular size.
• Urine contains water, urea NaCl salt, uric acid and creatinine.
• After leaving the collecting duct, urine flows through the ureter,
bladder, urethra and Is finally excreted
 HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
• KIDNEY STONES
• URNINARY INCONTINENCE
• KIDNEY STONES
-Hard masses made of uric acid, calcium oxalate or crystalline calcium
Phosphate
-Can be healed by drinking lots of water

• URINARY INCONTINENCE
- The loss of bladder control
-Causes of urinary incontinence:
• Certain drinks, foods and medications may act as diuretics — stimulating
your bladder and increasing your volume of urine. They include:
• Alcohol
• Caffeine
• Carbonated drinks and sparkling water
• Artificial sweeteners
• Chocolate
• Chili peppers
 TYPE OF INCONTINENCE
• Stress incontinence-Urine leaks when you exert
pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing,
laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy.
• Urge incontinence-You have a sudden, intense urge
to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine.
You may need to urinate often, including throughout
the night. Urge incontinence may be caused by a
minor condition, such as infection, or a more-severe
condition such as a neurologic disorder or diabetes.
• Overflow incontinence-You experience frequent or
constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that
doesn't empty completely.
THANK YOU