Tests of Significance-

Parametric and
Nonparametric
Paired t test
Parametric Non parametric

Student t-test (less than 30)  

Z test (more than 30)
Paired (Wilcoxon matched pair test)
Sign test (sign rank test)
Unpaired Mann Whitney U test
ANOVA Chi squared test, Kruskal–Wallis
H test
  McNemar Chi squared test
Pearsons correlation Spearman correlation
Linear regression Logistic regression
A t-test is used to compare the mean of two given samples.
A t-test is used when the population parameters (mean and
standard deviation are not known).
The 3 versions of t-test are:
•Paired sample t-test which compares means from the same
group at different times
•Independent samples t-test which compares mean for two
groups
•One sample t-test which tests the mean of a single group
against a known mean.
Paired t-test
A paired t-test is used to compare two population means where you have two
samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in
the other sample.

Examples

• Before-and-after observations on the same subjects (e.g. students’ diagnostic

test results before and after a particular module or course).

• A comparison of two different methods of measurement or two different

treatments where the measurements/treatments are applied to the same
subjects (e.g. blood pressure measurements using a stethoscope and a dynamap)
Assumptions
 Paired t-test  
The dependent variable must be continuous
(interval/ratio).
The observations are independent of one
another.
The dependent variable should be approximately
normally distributed.
The dependent variable should not contain any
outliers.
The null hypothesis (H0) assumes that the mean
difference is equal to zero.
• The two-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1) assumes
that mean difference is not equal to zero.
• The upper-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1) assumes
that mean difference is greater than zero.
• The lower-tailed alternative hypothesis (H1) assumes
that mean difference is less than zero.
The mathematical representations of the null and
alternative hypotheses are defined below:

H0: μd = 0
H1: μd ≠ 0 (two-tailed)
H1: μd > 0 (upper-tailed)
H1: μd < 0 (lower-tailed)
PAIRED T TEST (SPSS)

PROBLEM STATEMENT
The sample dataset has placement test scores (out of 100 points) for
four subject areas: English, Reading, Math, and Writing.
Suppose we are particularly interested in the English and Math
sections, and want to determine whether English or Math had higher
test scores on average. We could use a paired t test to test if there was
a significant difference in the average of the two tests.
Paired Samples Statistics gives univariate descriptive
statistics (mean, sample size, standard deviation, and standard
error) for each variable entered.
Paired Samples Correlations shows the bivariate Pearson correlation
coefficient (with a two-tailed test of significance) for each pair of
variables entered. 
First column: The pair of variables being tested, and the order the subtraction was carried
out. (If you have specified more than one variable pair, this table will have multiple rows.)
Mean: The average difference between the two variables.
Standard deviation: The standard deviation of the difference scores.
Standard error mean: The standard error (standard deviation divided by the square root of
the sample size). Used in computing both the test statistic and the upper and lower bounds
of the confidence interval.
t: The test statistic (denoted t) for the paired T test.
df: The degrees of freedom for this test.
Sig. (2-tailed): The p-value corresponding to the given test statistic t with degrees of
freedom df.
Decisions and Conclusions

•English and Math scores were weakly and positively

correlated (r = 0.243, p < .001).
•There was a significant average difference between English
and Math scores (t397 = 36.313, p < .001).
•On average, English scores were 17.3 points higher than
Math scores (95% CI [16.36, 18.23]).
(Use tables of the t-distribution to compare the value for T to
the tn−1 distribution. This will give the p-value for the paired
t-test.)