Variables

Senior Protacio
PNCHS – SHS
School Year 2020 - 2021
 The person/subject we collect data on is called an OBSERVATION.

 If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVATION (subject) is the

same for every member of the group or does not vary, it is called a
CONSTANT.

 If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVATION differs for group

members, it is called a VARIABLE.
VARIABLES

 One of the aspects of conducting a research is to

describe and explain variables.

 A variable is …
 a measurable characteristic or quality that changes
in value.
 is anything that may assume varied numerical or
categorical values.

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VARIABLES

 A variable is …
 a numerical characteristic or attribute associated
with the population that can assume different
values.
 it may vary from one group to another group, one
person to another or even with the same person
over time.

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Types of Variables
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

 Referred to as categorical variables

 Despite lacking numerical value, these variables can

still be used in quantitative research

 They involve assigning values to specific groups or

categories

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QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

 Examples:
 Pharmaceutical Companies
 Music Genre
 Medical Specializations
 Sex
 Place of Origin
 Disciplines in Social Sciences

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QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

Can be measured numerically

Can be quantified

They are commonly used in quantitative research

Examples:
 Age
 Length of time spent in playing ML
 Salary of Nurses
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Types of Qualitative Variables

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NOMINAL VARIABLE

 Categorical variable
 Classifications
 Names
 Labels

 Examples:
1. Eye color
2. Designation of Engineers
3. Brand of Cars used by Museum Curators
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ORDINAL VARIABLE

 Has two or more categories which can be

ranked or ordered
 Though ranked, no value can be placed to them

 Examples:
1. Educational Attainment
2. Organizational Rank
3. Academic Positions

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Types of Quantitative Variables
DISCRETE VARIABLE

 Any variable that has limited number of distinct values and

which cannot be divided into fractions
 Variables that assume a finite number of values or as many as
there are positive integers
 These are obtained through counting

 Examples:
1. Number of children
2. Number of onions used
3. Number of doctors in a hospital
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

 Any variable that has limited number of distinct values and

which cannot be divided into fractions
 Are variables that assume an infinite number of values
between any two specific numbers

 Examples:
1. Land area
2. Distance
3. Height
INTERVAL VARIABLE

 Is a measurement where the difference between two

values have meaning
 A variable where zero means something

 Example:
1. Temperature
RATIO VARIABLE

 Is a level of measurement which can have a value of

zero or starts at an absolute zero point

 Example:
1. Height
2. Weight
3. Distance
Exercises:

1. Number of eggs used in a recipe

2. Nationality
3. Monthly water bill
4. Brands of bags
5. Life span of humans
6. Types of rocks
7. Blood type
8. Scent of perfume
9. Civil status
10. Volume of water needed for disinfection
 INDEPENDENT
versus
DEPENDENT
(according to purposes or roles)
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

 The CAUSE, Experimental,

Manipulated, Treatment, Grouping
VARIABLE or the one responsible
for the conditions that act on
something else to bring about
changes.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE

The OUTCOME VARIABLE or the

result or effect of the changes brought
about by another variable
 Illustration:

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
Example:

Effectiveness of Exposing Students in Classical Music on

Reading Comprehension
Example:

Relationship between Service Quality and Costumer

Satisfaction in the Telecommunication Industry
Example:

Relationship between socio economic status and

absenteeism among High School students in Pototan
Example:

Increasing Mathematics Achievement through

Contextualized and Localized Materials
Example:

LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF MOTHERS IN BRGY.

BATUAN POTOTAN, ILOILO TOWARDS PROPER
DISPOSAL OF MEDICAL WASTE MATERIALS
Example:

Level of Awareness of CSS Students on the Diseases

Caused by Computer Exposure
Example:

LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS OF BARANGAY

HEALTH WORKERS IN POBLACION POTOTAN,
ILOILO TOWARDS MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Example:

Employees’ Loyalty vis-à-vis Satisfaction to Benefits

offered by Banks in Pototan, Iloilo
Example:

LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF RESIDENTS OF BRGY.

RUMBANG POTOTAN, ILOILO ON HOUSEHOLD
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Example:

Business Literacy and its Relationship to Financial Growth

of Sari-sari Stores in Pototan, Iloilo
Example:

Cancer Awareness and Frequency of Smoking among

Grade 12 TVL Students
Example:

DENGUE PREPAREDNESS OF RESIDENTS IN

DAPITAN POTOTAN, ILOILO
Example:

Customers’ Satisfaction Rate of Pototanons towards the

Local Government Unit Employees
Example:

Drop, Cover, and Hold: Disaster Preparedness of

Residents of Brgy. Igang, Pototan, Iloilo