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The term ‘variable’ has been mentioned several times so that it is necessary to define it here. In
research, a variable refers to a “characteristics that has two or more mutually exclusive values or
properties” (Sevilla and Other, 1988). Sex, for instance, has two properties which are maleness and
femaleness. The ages of different persons have different values; so with their size, height, weight and
income. The phenomenon of variety is what makes life interesting; it is one of the motivating factors of
the research undertaking.
The root word of the word variable is “vary” or simply “can change”. These variables are among
the fundamental concepts of research, alongside with measurement, validity, reliability, cause and effect;
and theory. Bernard (1994) defines a variable as something that can take more than one value, and
values can be words or numbers.
A variable specifically refers to characteristics, or attribute of an individual or an organization that
can be measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied (Creswell,
2002).
a. INTERVAL VARIABLES – It has values that lies along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers. It is a measurement where the difference between two values does have meaning.
Examples of interval data include temperature, a person’s net worth (how much money you
have when you subtract your debt from your assets), etc. In temperature, this may illustrate
as the difference between a temperature of 60 degrees and 50 degrees is the same as
difference between 30 degrees and 20 degrees. The interval between values makes sense
and can be interpreted.
b. RATIO VARIABLES – It has values that lies along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
when there is absolute zero. It possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear
definition of zero, indication that there is none of that variable. Examples of which are
height, weight, and distance. Most scores stemming from response to survey items are ratio-
level values because they typically cannot go below zero. Temperature measured in degrees
Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit is not a ratio variable because 0 under these temperatures
scales does not mean no temperature at all.
2.
DISCRETE VARIABLES – This is also known as categorical or classificatory variable. This is
any variable that has limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions
like sex, blood group, and number of children in family. Discrete variable may also categorized
into:
a. NOMINAL VARIABLE – It represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular
way. It is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more categories but does not
imply ordering of cases. Common examples of this variable include eye color, business type,
religion, biological sex, political affiliation, basketball fan affiliation, etc. A sub-type of nominal
scale with only two categories just like sex is known as dichotomous.
b. ORDINAL VARIABLE – It represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to
smallest. This variable has two or more categories which can be ranked. Examples of ordinal
variable include education level, income brackets, etc. An illustration of this is, if you asked
people if they liked listening to music while studying and they could answer either “NOT
VERY MUCH”, “MUCH”, “VERY MUCH” then you have an ordinal variable. While you can
rank them, we cannot place a value to them. In this type, distances between attributes do
not have any meaning. For example, you used educational attainment as a variable on survey,
you might code elementary school graduates = 1, high graduates = 2, college undergraduate
= 3, and college graduate = 4. In this measure, higher number means greater education.
Even though we can rank these from lowest to highest, the spacing between the values may
not be
the same across the levels of the variables. The distance between 3 and 4 is not the same
with the distance between 1 and 2.
KINDS OF VARIABLES
Several experts have lumped together the following as the major kinds of variables:
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent variables; they are the
outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is also called
outcome variable.
EXAMPLE: Consider the given below. Even if farm production is good, if the attitude towards
payment is negative, loan repayment would be low, whereas, if the attitude towards repayment
is positive or favorable, loan repayment would be high.
FARM ATTITUDE
PRODUCTION LOAN
TOWARDS
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENT
DV IV DV