Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Education
REGION VIII
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SAMAR
GANDARA DISTRICT II
Ramon T. Diaz National High School
Human history abounds with problems. Problems are everywhere in different variety in different
perspective which affect mankind. Problems are observed along political, social, environmental and many
aspects of life. This may between individuals, groups or in an organization. In that, mankind wants solution
to these problems. These solutions should not be only effective but also be acquired and used for
improvement. To be able to achieve that, solutions must be based in knowledge, not on mere beliefs,
guesses, or theories. To acquire this knowledge, it requires a well-planned and systematic procedure and
should be continuously evaluated on its accuracy and usefulness. In that, RESEARCH has been devised to
meet this need.
Research is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering information. It may in the form of qualitative
or quantitative. Qualitative researches are those studies in which the data concerned can be described
without the use of numerical data while quantitative research suggests that the data concerned can be
analyzed in terms of numbers.
Quantitative research designs use numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem or
inquiry in contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses statistical treatment in stating generalizations. The
numbers in quantitative research are the results of objective scales of measurements of the units of analysis
called variables.
In this unit, you will be encountering also the characteristics of quantitative research, its strength
and weaknesses, its kinds and importance across disciplines. In here also, we will be tackling kinds of
variables and its uses.
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WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO LEARN?
After studying this learning activity sheets, the learners will able to:
This icon signals a pre-test that you need to answer to determine how
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From the good habit of reviewing the text and how much time, effort,
interest and patience you invest in your learning will determine how sure
you are in having good scores in the checkpoint. Your attitude will help
you learn more and effectively that makes you a better learner.
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Study the lesson well and you will perform quite well in the self-test. This
will be submitted to your teacher after you answering the self-test. Write
legibly and always follow instructions properly.
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get your ball pen and notebook as I will request you to answer the questions included herein.
Good luck, enjoy reading and doing the activity. God Bless.
Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: October 12-16, 2020
Subject, Grade & Section: __________________________ Score: _____________
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses,
and kinds of quantitative research
Performance Standard: The learners should be able to decide on suitable quantitative research in different
areas of interest
MELC: Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research.
Code: CS_RS12-Ia-c-1
Duration: 4 Hours (Week 1)
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write QUANTITATIVE after the item when the sentence is true while
QUALITATIVE if the statement is false.
1. In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking for.
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1. Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects.
2. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
3. It is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use numbers and
statistical methods as key research indicators and tools.
4. It tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic perspective,
often studying a single occurrence or small number of occurrences/case studies in great
depth.
5. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
figures, or other non-textual forms.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
8. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the
population.
9. It tends to be associated with emergent research design, using a wide range of
approaches
10. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought
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conclusion or solution to a problem.
2. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS. The researchers know in advance
what they are looking for. The research questions are well-defined for which objective
answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are gathered.
3. STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS. Standardized instruments guide data
collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data. Data are normally
gathered using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable
characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among
others.
4. NUMERICAL DATA. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in
order to show trends, relationships or differences among variables. In sum, the charts and
tables allow you to see the evidence collected.
5. LARGE SAMPLE SIZES. To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population
distribution curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size, depending on how the
characteristics of the population vary. Random sampling is recommended in determining the
sample size to avoid researcher’s bias in interpreting the results.
6. REPLICATION. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting,
thus strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious
conclusions.
7. FUTURE OUTCOMES. By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of
computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results. Quantitative
research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
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WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The disadvantages of quantitative research are as follows:
1. Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents. It is assumed that the
larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the
expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing
questionnaires.
3. The information is contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain
variations are usually ignored. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the
respondents to share and elaborate further information unlike the qualitative
research.
4. Much information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments,
specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among
others.
5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete
and inaccurate. Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are
just guessing in answering the instrument.
Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the
research problem. Furthermore, a research design constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement
and analysis of data. The research problem determines the research you should.
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The following are the various kinds of quantitative research design that a researcher may employ:
Two classes of experimental design that can provide better internal validity than pre-
experimental designs are: quasi-experimental and true experimental design (Dooly, 1999).
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C. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. It controls for both time-related and group-
related threats. Two features mark true experiments: two or more differently treated
groups; and random assignment to these groups. These features require that the
researchers have control over the experimental treatment and the power to place
subjects in groups.
True experimental design employs both treated and control groups to
deal with time-related rival explanations.
A control group reflects changes other than those due to the treatment that
occur during the time of the study. Such changes include effects of outside events,
maturation by the subjects, changes in measures and impact of any pre-tests.
True experimental design offers the highest internal validity of all the designs.
Quasi-experimental design differs from true experimental design by the absence of
random assignment of subjects to different conditions. What quasi- experiments have
in common with true experiments is that some subjects receive an intervention and
provide data likely to reflect its impact.
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Example: Which high school applicants should be admitted to college?
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G. METHODOLOGICAL. In this approach, the implementation of a variety of
methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale- matched approach,
where data from different disciplines can be integrated.
What are the types of quantitative research designs? Give example each type.
I. NON-STOP WRITING. In 10 mins., write your concise learning about the following.
1. What is quantitative research?
.
2. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
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.
3. Discuss the strengths of quantitative research.
.
4. Discuss the weaknesses of quantitative research.
.
5. Describe each type of quantitative research design. Give example each.
Example: Survey - used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and
studying samples chosen from a population.
Example: Preference T.V network of viewers in Upper Tumapoc, Burgos, La Union.
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CLOSURE:
Congratulations! I commend your tremendous hard work and determination to complete the activity. The
teacher will follow-up the learning activity sheets using the cellphone as primary tool for communication to give some
Q and A or sending follow-up questions using available free online flatforms. Summative test will be given to the
students at the end of the Learning Outcome / Learning Objective in every Competency.
REFERENCES:
POST_TEST. This serves as your summative test. Answer the questions below following
the instruction given in each test.
I. Identification. Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your answer after the
statement.
1. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be
generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation.
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3. This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already
occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables.
7. It refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate the different components of the
study in a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem.
8. It controls for both time-related and group-related threats. Two features mark true experiments:
two or more differently treated groups; and random assignment to these groups.
9. All variables in the study can contribute to the over-all prediction in an equation that adds
together the predictive power of each identified variable.
10. Its main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs
and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory development.
II. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct letter that best describe the question or complete the
statement. Write your answer before the number.
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A. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
B. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus
strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious
conclusions.
C. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show trends,
relationships or differences among variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow you to see the
evidence collected.
D. It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related to human
behavior and the attributes that rule such behavior.
3. Which of the following describes the characteristics of research where data are in form of
statistics?
A. Objective B. Numerical Data C. Replication D. Large Sample Size
4. This characteristic of quantitative research which refers to its necessity to arrive at a more
reliable data analysis.
A. Large Sample Sizes C. Numerical Data
B. Replication D. Objective
5. It is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study.
A. Large Sample Sizes C. Numerical Data
B. Replication D. Objective
6. The researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions are well-
defined for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed
before data are gathered.
A. Future Outcomes C. Clearly defined Research Questions
B. Structured Research Instruments D. Numerical Data
7. Which research design seeks to describe “what is”?
A. Correlational C. Experimental
B. Descriptive D. Evaluation
8. In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship between two
or more factors or characteristics
A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto
B. Experimental D. Survey
9. Which of the item below does NOT hold true for descriptive research?
A. describes the nature of a situation or an event
B. presents the profile of persons, events, and things
C. describes past situations
D. there is no manipulation of variables or search for cause and effect related to the
performance
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2. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the expenses will be greater in
reaching out to these people and in reproducing questionnaires.
3. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
4. Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in different areas or over time with
formulation of comparable findings.
5. Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of qualitative
experiments, leading to a final answer, and narrowing down of possible directions to follow.
6. It is assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
7. Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the
instrument.
8. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further
information unlike the qualitative research.
9. It is real and unbiased. _______
10. It is costly. _____________
IV. MATCHING TYPE. Match item in COLUMN A with those of COLUMN B by placing the
letter of the correct answers in the space provided in column A from among the choices I column B.
COLUMN COLUMN
A B
1. the posttest of the treated groups is
compared with that of an untreated group A. Normative
2. a test of children in school is used to
assess the effectiveness of teaching or the B. Survey
deployment of a curriculum
3. useful when the objective of the study is C. Census
to see general picture of the population
under investigation in terms of their D. Evaluative
social and economic characteristics,
opinions, and their knowledge about the E. Comparative
behavior towards a certain phenomenon
4. conducting a research on the study habits
F. Ex-post facto
of the high school students you are to
use the range of score to describe the
G. Descriptive
level of their study habits
5. discusses why and how a phenomenon
occurs H. Correlational
6. selecting groups, upon which a variable is
tested, without any random pre-selection I. Bivariate Correlational
processes
7. uses correlation coefficient to show how J. Prediction
one variable (the predictor variable)
predicts another (the criterion variable) K. Multiple Regression
8. employs both treated and control groups
to deal with time-related rival explanations L. Pre-Experimental
9. it obtains score from two variables for
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each subject, and then uses them to M. Quasi Experimental
calculate a correlation coefficient
10. term that seems synonymous to survey N. True Experimental
research
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of the importance of quantitative research
across fields
Performance Standard: The learners should be able to decide on suitable quantitative research in different
areas of interest
MELC: Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields
Code: CS_RS12-Ia-c-2
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Duration: 4 Hours (Week 1)
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
COLUMN COLUMN
A B
1. What Effect do Punitive Behavioral
Control
Statements have on Classroom? A. QUANTI & ANTHROPOLOGY
2. The Relationship between the Mushrooming
of Fast Food Chains and Obesity of B. QUANTI &
Children in Kuopo, Eastern England. COMMUNICATION
3. Effect of Tourism to the Cultural System
of C. QUANTI & SPORTS MED.
Villagers in Southern Cordillera.
4. Factors Affecting Quality of Medical
Education in Saint Louis University. D. QUANTI & MEDICAL ED.
5. Relationship of Verbally Aggressive
Behavior E. QUANTI & BEHAVIORAL SCI.
to the Physical Aggression of a Person.
6. Factors Affecting Crime Rates in Burgos, F. QUANTI & EDUCATION
La
Union. G. QUANTI & PSYCHOLOGY
7. Video Integration in Teaching Science in
Grade 12 of Upper Tumapoc National
H. QUANTI & ABM
High School.
8. Communicative Behaviors Associated in
Different Stages of a Romantic Relationship. I. QUANTI & STEM
9. Ethnographic Study: Changes of Aeta
Behaviors in past 5 years.
10. Relationship of Physical Activity to the
Amount of Adipose Tissue and
Endurance Fitness of Children Aged 15
– 22 in Burgos, La Union.
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_
.
2. Choose two disciplines enumerated above (column B) and explain how quantitative
research was used on it.
People do research to find solutions, even tentative ones, to problems, in order to improve or
enhance ways of doing things, to disprove or provide a new hypothesis, or simply to find answers to
questions or solutions to problems in daily life. Research findings can affect people’s lives, ways of doing
things, laws, rules and regulations, as well as policies, among others. Widely, quantitative research is often used
because of its emphasis on proof rather than discovery.
In recent times, research studies are gaining an unprecedented focus and attention. Then, only the
faculty in higher education has so much interest and conduct researchers, but now even the teachers in the
basic education are engrossed in researches and devote time and effort in conducting researches to improve
educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the students. Many teachers do action
researches because there is a serious need to identify the problems of the deteriorating quality of education.
By doing so, they can address systematically and make educational decisions regarding the problems met.
Innovative teaching strategies are product of research.
In the natural and social sciences, quantitative research is the systematic, empirical investigation of
observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. The objective of
quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses
pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it
provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of
quantitative relationships.
Health Sciences (Medical Technology, Dentistry, Nursing, Medicine, etc.) use quantitative research
designs like descriptive, pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, true-experiment, case study, among others.
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its customers and their preferences, establish the enterprise in the most feasible location, deliver quality goods and
services, analyze what the competitors are doing and find ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and
varied needs of the clients.
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assessment with an experimental group. Either a comparison or controlled group learners may allow
researchers to overcome validity concerns and infer potential cause-effect generalizations. Researchers are
using to cope with the emerging trends in recent times.
CLOSURE:
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Congratulations! I commend your tremendous hard work and determination to complete the activity. The
teacher will follow-up the learning activity sheets using the cellphone as primary tool for communication to give some
Q and A or sending follow-up questions using available free online flatforms. Summative test will be given to the
students at the end of the Learning Outcome / Learning Objective in every Competency.
REFERENCES:
POST_TEST. This serves as your summative test. Answer the questions below following the
instruction given in each test.
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quantitative research is interconnected with it.
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II. CONCEPT MAP. Complete the concept map presented below. You add figures so long as
you will use your creativity using the figures given. Present the importance of quantitative research
to different fields. Maximize the space below.
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QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
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Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: September 12-16, 2020
Subject, Grade & Section: __________________________ Score: _____________
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your answer after the
statement. Choose your answer from the box below.
1. It refers to the characteristics that have two or more mutually exclusive values or properties.
2. Variables that represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way.
3. Special kind of independent variables that are measured in a study because they potentially
influence the dependent variable.
4. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers when there is an
absolute zero, as opposed to net worth, which can have a negative debt-to-income ratio-level
variable.
5. Kind of variable that are not actually measured or observed in a study. They exist but their
influence cannot be directly detected in a study.
6. It “stands between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show the effects of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.
7. Variables that represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest.
8. Kind of variable that probably cause, influence, or effect outcomes. They are variably called
treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
9. Variables that depend on independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of
the independent variable.
10. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers.
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II. DETERMINATION. Determine if what type of variable are the following. Write I if the variable
is Interval, N if Nominal, R if Ratio and O if Ordinal.
1. Military Title
2. Temperature in degree Celsius
3. Birthplace
4. Year Level
5. Favorite Type of Music
6. Clothing such as hat, shirt, shoes
7. A score in 5- item quiz in Math
8. Feeling for today
9. Means of Transportation
10. How internet is used at home
11. Freshman, Sophomore
12. Person’s net worth
13. Male or female
14. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
15. Political Affiliation
1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES – A variable that can take infinite number on the value that
can occur within the population. Its values can be divided into fractions. Examples of this type
of variable include age, height, and temperature. Continuous variables can be further categorized as:
a. INTERVAL VARIABLES – It have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers. It is a measurement where the difference between two values does have meaning.
Examples of interval data include temperature, a person’s net worth (how much money you have
when you subtract your debt from your assets), etc. In temperature, this may illustrate as the
difference between a temperature of 60 degrees and 50 degrees is the same as difference between
30 degrees and 20 degrees. The interval between values makes sense and can be interpreted.
b. RATIO VARIABLES – It have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers when there is absolute zero. It possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear
definition of zero, indication that there is none of that variable. Examples of which are height, weight,
and distance. Most scores stemming from response to survey items are ratio-level values because they
typically cannot go below zero. Temperature measured in degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit
is not a ratio variable because 0 under these temperatures scales does not mean no temperature at all.
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2. DISCRETE VARIABLES – This is also known as categorical or classificatory variable.
This is any variable that has limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into
fractions like sex, blood group, and number of children in family. Discrete variable may also
categorized into:
a. NOMINAL VARIABLE – It represent categories that cannot be ordered in any
particular way. It is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more categories but does
not imply ordering of cases. Common examples of this variable include eye color, business type,
religion, biological sex, political affiliation, basketball fan affiliation, etc. A sub-type of nominal scale with
only two categories just like sex is known as dichotomous.
b. ORDINAL VARIABLE – It represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to
smallest. This variable has two or more categories which can be ranked. Examples of ordinal variable
include education level, income brackets, etc. An illustration of this is, if you asked people if they
liked listening to music while studying and they could answer either “NOT VERY MUCH”,
“MUCH”, “VERY MUCH” then you have an ordinal variable. While you can rank them, we
cannot place a value to them. In this type, distances between attributes do not have any meaning. For
example, you used educational attainment as a variable on survey, you might code elementary school
graduates = 1, high graduates = 2, college undergraduate =3, and college graduate = 4. In this
measure, higher number means greater education. Even though we can rank these from lowest to
highest, the spacing between the values may not be the same across the levels of the variables. The
distance between 3 and 4 is not the same with the distance between 1 and 2.
KINDS OF VARIABLES
Several experts have lumped together the following as the major kinds of variables:
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent variables; they are the
outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is also called
outcome variable.
EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academic performance of
UTNHS senior high school students. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE is the dependent
variable because it is depending on the study habits of the students; if the students change their
study habit the academic performance also change.
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DV IV DV
CLOSURE:
Congratulations! I commend your tremendous hard work and determination to complete the activity. The
teacher will follow-up the learning activity sheets using the cellphone as primary tool for communication to give some
Q and A or sending follow-up questions using available free online flatforms. Summative test will be given to the
students at the end of the Learning Outcome / Learning Objective in every Competency.
REFERENCES:
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POST_TEST. This serves as your summative test. Answer the questions below following
the instruction given in each test.
I. Identification. Identify the variables and the constant in each title of study presented below.
Determine the independent and dependent variable; then determine whether discrete or continuous
variable.
FOR EXAMPLE: A study on the relationship of study habits and academic performance of BSU
college students.
CONSTANT VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DISCRETE/ DEPENDENT DISCRETE/
CONTINOUS CONTINOUS
BSU COLLEGE ACADEMIC
STUDENTS STUDY HABITS DISCRETE PERFORMAN DISCRETE
CE
CONSTAN VARIABL
T ES
INDEPENDE DISCRETE/ DEPENDEN DISCRET
NT CONTINO T E/
US CONTIN
OUS
1.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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