Algebraic Expressions: Twitter: @owen134866

Algebraic Expressions
Twitter: @Owen134866
www.mathsfreeresourcelibrary.com
Prior Knowledge Check
1)
• Simplify: 2 𝑚 2 𝑛+3 𝑚𝑛 2 4) Write down the highest common
factor of:
a) 8

a) 24 and 16 b) and 2 𝑥
b)
2 c) and
6 𝑥 −12 𝑥 −10
𝑥𝑦
2) Write as a single power of 2

5) Simplify:
a) b) 2

8
4 a) 2 𝑥b) 10
𝑥
c) 2

6
2
c) 5 𝑥
3
3) Expand:
a) b) 3
𝑥+12
c) 1 2 𝑥− 30 𝑦 1 0− 15 𝑥
Teachings for Exercise 1A
• You can use the laws of indices to
simplify powers of the same base a) ¿ 𝑥7
b) 6 𝑟5
¿
c) ¿ 𝑏3
d) 2 𝑥2
¿
e)
¿ 𝑎6 ×2 𝑎 2
2 𝑎8
¿
f)
¿ 27 𝑥6 ÷ 𝑥 4
¿ 27 𝑥 2
1A
simplify powers of the same base Expand and simplify if possible
a)
¿ −21 𝑥2 +12 𝑥
b)
¿ 3 𝑦2 −2 𝑦 5
c)
¿ 12 𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥3 +20 𝑥 4
d)
¿ 10 𝑥 2 +6 𝑥 −10 𝑥 − 15
¿ 10 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 −15
1A
simplify powers of the same base Simplify
If you have a single
a) 𝑥7
𝑥 4
term as the
¿ 3
+ 3 denominator, you can
𝑥 𝑥
simplify the numerator
¿ 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 terms separately…
2 5
b) ¿
3𝑥
−
6𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑥
3𝑥
¿ −3
𝑥 4
2
7 3
c) ¿
20 𝑥 15 𝑥
+
2 2
5𝑥 5𝑥
𝑥
¿ 4 𝑥 5+3
1A
Teachings for Exercise 1B
To find the product of two
There are various
expressions you multiply each term
methods for doing this,
in one expression by each term in all are ok!
the other expression
(x + 4)(x + 7) x +4
 x2 + 4x + 7x + 28 x x2 + 4x
 x2 + 11x + 28 +7 + 7x + 28
2x +3
(2x + 3)(x – 8)
x 2x2 + 3x
 2x + 3x – 16x – 24
2
 2x2 – 13x - 24 -8 - 16x - 24
1B
To find the product of two
expressions you multiply each term Expand
in one expression by each term in
the other expression
( 𝑥+ 4 ) ( 2 𝑥 −1 ) ( 𝑥+3 )
Multiply the first
If you have more than two brackets, pair of brackets
just multiply any 2 first, and then
multiply the answer by the next one ¿(2
𝑥 2+7 𝑥 − 4)( 𝑥+3)
Multiply this
new pair
𝑥2 +21 𝑥−
¿ 2 𝑥 3 +6 𝑥 2+7 4 𝑥 −12
Simplify
¿ 2 𝑥 3 +13 𝑥2 +17 𝑥 −12
1B
Teachings for Exercise 1C
You can write expressions as
products of their factors. This is
known as factorising. Common
Factor
If the terms have a common factor a) 3x  9 3  3( x  3)

(or several), then the expression can
be factorized into a single bracket
b) x2  5x x  x( x  5)
c) 8 x 2  20 x 4x  4 x(2 x  5)
d) 9 x 2 y  15 xy 2 3xy  3 xy (3 x  5 y )
e) 3 x 2  9 xy 3x  3x( x  3 y )
1C
(x + 2)(x + 1)
x2 + 3x + 2
You get the middle You get the last number

number by adding the 2 in a Quadratic Equation
numbers in the brackets by multiplying the 2
numbers in the brackets
(x - 5)(x + 3)
x2 - 2x - 15
You get the middle You get the last number

number by adding the 2 in a Quadratic Equation
numbers in the brackets by multiplying the 2
numbers in the brackets
x2 - 7x + 12
Numbers that Which pair adds to

multiply to give + 12 give -7?
+3 +4
-3 -4
So the brackets were
+12 +1 originally…
-12 -1
(x - 3)(x - 4)
+6 +2
-6 -2
x2 + 10x + 16

multiply to give + 16 give +10?
+1 +16
-1 -16
+2 +8 originally…
-2 -8
(x + 2)(x + 8)
+4 +4
-4 -4
x2 - x - 20

multiply to give - 20 give - 1?
+1 -20
-1 +20
+2 -10 originally…
-2 +10
(x + 4)(x - 5)
+4 -5
-4 +5
Factorising Quadratics Examples
A Quadratic Equation has the form; a) x2  6x  8
The 2 numbers in brackets must:

ax + bx + c
2
 Multiply to give ‘c’
 Add to give ‘b’
Where a, b and c are constants and a ≠
0.
 ( x  2)( x  4)
You can also Factorise these equations.
REMEMBER
 An equation with an ‘x2’ in does not
necessarily go into 2 brackets. You use
2 brackets when there are NO
‘Common Factors’
1E
b) x2  4x  5
A Quadratic Equation has the form;
ax2 + bx + c  Multiply to give ‘c’
Where a, b and c are constants and
a ≠ 0.  ( x  5)( x  1)
You can also Factorise these

equations.
1E
c) x 2  25
 Add to give ‘b’ (In this case, b = 0)
a ≠ 0.  ( x  5)( x  5)

equations.
This is known as ‘the
difference of two squares’
 x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
1E
d) 4x2  9 y 2
a ≠ 0.  (2 x  3 y )(2 x  3 y )

equations.
1E
d) 5 x 2  45
Where a, b and c are constants and  Sometimes, you need to remove
a ≠ 0. a ‘common factor’ first…
You can also Factorise these  5( x 2  9)

equations.
 5( x  3)( x  3)
1E
• Expand the following pairs of
brackets
(x + 3)(x + 4) x +3
 x2 + 3x + 4x + 12 x x2 + 3x When an x term has a ‘2’
 x + 7x + 12
2
coefficient, the rules are
+4 + 4x + 12 different…
2 of the terms are

doubled
(2x + 3)(x + 4) 2x +3
 So, the numbers in
the brackets add to
 2x2 + 3x + 8x + 12 x 2x2 + 3x
give the x term, WHEN
 2x2 + 11x + 12 +4 + 8x + 12 ONE HAS BEEN
DOUBLED FIRST
2x2 - 5x - 3
Numbers that One of the values to the left

multiply to give - 3 will be doubled when the
brackets are expanded
-3 +1 -6 +1
-3 +2 So the brackets were
originally…
+3 -1 +6 -1 (2x + 1)(x - 3)
+3 -2 The -3 doubles so it must
be on the opposite side
to the ‘2x’
2x2 + 13x + 11

multiply to give + 11 will be doubled when the
+11 +1 +22 +1
+11 +2 So the brackets were
originally…
-11 -1 -22 -1 (2x + 11)(x + 1)
-11 -2 The +1 doubles so it must
to the ‘2x’
3x2 - 11x - 4

multiply to give - 4 will be tripled when the
+2 -2 +6 -2
+2 -6 So the brackets were
-4 +1
originally…
-12 +1
-4 +3 (3x + 1)(x - 4)
+4 -1 The -4 triples so it must
+12 -1
+4 -3
to the ‘3x’
Teachings for Exercise 1D
•Indices
can be negative numbers or
fractions Simplify
a) ¿ 𝑥6
b) ¿ 𝑥2
c) ¿ 𝑥2
1
d) 6 3
¿ ( 125 𝑥 )
1 1
6 3
¿(125) 3 ( 𝑥 )
5 𝑥2
¿
1D
•Indices
fractions Simplify
2
e) ¿ 2 𝑥5 − 𝑥5
𝑥 𝑥 Simplify
2 1 separately
¿ −
𝑥3 𝑥4
Rewrite
¿ 2 𝑥 −3 − 𝑥 − 4
Either of these forms is correct – check

if the question asks for a specific one!
1D
•Indices
fractions Evaluate (work out the value of)
a)
¿ √ 9
¿ 3
You can use a calculator
b) 3 for these, but you still
¿ √ 64 need to be able to show
¿ 4 the process, especially
for algebraic versions
c) 3
¿ ( √ 49 )
¿ 343
d) 1
¿ 1 ¿ 1
3 ¿
3 125
25 2 ( √ 25 )
1D
•Indices
fractions Given that , express in the form where
and are constants
𝑦= 1 𝑥 2
16
Rewrite based
1 1 on the question
1
𝑦 = 2
( ) 16
𝑥 2 2
Each part is raised

1 1 to a power ½
1
1
𝑦 = 2
16 ( ) (𝑥 )2 2 2
Simplify
1
𝑦 = 1 𝑥
2
4
1D
•Indices
fractions Given that , express in the form where
and are constants
𝑦= 1 𝑥 2
16
Rewrite based
−1
1 2 on the question
4 𝑦 − 1=4 ( 16
𝑥 )
Each part is raised to a
−1
power -1, and will then
1 −1 be multiplied by 4
4 𝑦 =4
−1
16 ( ) ( 𝑥2 )
Simplify
4 𝑦 − 1=4 (16)( 𝑥 −2)
Simplify more
4 𝑦 − 1=64 𝑥 −2
1D
Teachings for Exercise 1E
In isnumber,
•square an integer that is not a
then is a surd. It Simplify
is an example of an irrational
number.
a) ¿ √ 9 × √ 2 Find a factor which is a
square number, which you
can then square root
¿ 3 √ 2
Surds can be used to leave answers
exact without rounding errors, and can Make sure that what
be manipulated by using the following you write is clear…
rules:
 and are different!
b) ¿ √
4 ×√5
2
Simplify the numerator
2 5
¿ √
2 Simplify the whole
fraction
¿ √ 5
1E
In isnumber,
then is a surd. It Simplify
number.
c)
Try to find a
common factor
√ 6 −2 √ 4 √ 6+ √ 49 √ 6
¿5
Square roots can
exact without rounding errors, and can
be worked out
be manipulated by using the following
rules: ¿ 5 √ 6 −4 √ 6+7 √ 6
Simplify
¿ 8 √ 6
1E
In isnumber,
then is a surd. It Expand and simplify if possible
number. a)
Multiply out

¿ 5 √ 2− √ 6
exact without rounding errors, and can
be manipulated by using the following
rules:
b)
Multiply out
¿ 10+2 √3 − 5 √3 − √ 9 Group together like

terms. Calculate root 9
¿ 10 −3 √ 3− 3
Simplify
¿ 7 −3 √ 3
1E
Teachings for Exercise 1F
If a fraction
•denominator, has a surd in the
then it can be useful to Rationalise
Multiply so that the
rearrange it so that the denominator √3
is a rational number. This is called a) 1 × surd is removed from
√3 √ 3 the denominator
rationalising the denominator.
¿
√3
For fractions of the form , multiply the 3
numerator and denominator by
For fractions of the form , multiply the 3− √ 2

numerator and denominator by b) 1 ×
3+ √ 2 3− √ 2 Multiply both
numerator and
3 −√2 denominator
For fractions of the form , multiply the ¿
numerator and denominator by ( 3+ √ 2 ) ( 3 − √2 ) Multiply out the
3 −√2 brackets
¿
9+3 √ 2−3 √ 2 −2
Simplify
3 − √2
¿
7
1F
If a fraction
rearrange it so that the denominator c) √ 5+ √ 2
√ 5+ √ 2×
is a rational number. This is called √5 − √ 2 √ 5+ √ 2 Multiply both
rationalising the denominator. numerator and
( √ 5+ √ 2 ) ( √ 5+ √ 2 ) denominator
¿
For fractions of the form , multiply the ( √ 5 − √ 2) ( √ 5+ √ 2 ) Multiply out the
numerator and denominator by brackets
5+ √ 10+ √ 10+2
¿
5+ √ 10 − √ 10 − 2 Simplify
For fractions of the form , multiply the
numerator and denominator by 7+ 2 √ 10
¿
3
For fractions of the form , multiply the
numerator and denominator by
1F
If a fraction
rearrange it so that the denominator d) ¿
1
is a rational number. This is called ( 1 − √3 ) ( 1 − √ 3 ) Multiply out the
rationalising the denominator. brackets first
1
¿
4 −2 √ 3
For fractions of the form , multiply the Multiply to
numerator and denominator by ¿
1 4+ 2 √3
× cancel the surds
4 −2 √ 3 4+ 2 √ 3
For fractions of the form , multiply the 4 +2 √ 3

numerator and denominator by ¿
(4 − 2 √ 3) ( 4+ 2 √3 ) Multiply out the
4+ 2 √ 3 brackets
For fractions of the form , multiply the ¿
16+ 8 √ 3 − 8 √ 3 − 4 √ 9
numerator and denominator by Simplify
4+2 √ 3
¿
4
Divide all by 2
2+ √ 3
¿
2
1F

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Algebraic Expressions

2) Write as a single power of 2

 2x2 – 13x - 24 -8 - 16x - 24

¿ 2 𝑥 3 +13 𝑥2 +17 𝑥 −12

If the terms have a common factor a) 3x  9 3  3( x  3)

You get the middle You get the last number

You get the middle You get the last number

Numbers that Which pair adds to

Numbers that Which pair adds to

Numbers that Which pair adds to

A Quadratic Equation has the form; a) x2  6x  8

The 2 numbers in brackets must:

You can also Factorise these

You can also Factorise these

You can also Factorise these

You can also Factorise these  5( x 2  9)

2 of the terms are

Numbers that One of the values to the left

Numbers that One of the values to the left

Numbers that One of the values to the left

Either of these forms is correct – check

Each part is raised

Surds can be used to leave answers

¿ 10+2 √3 − 5 √3 − √ 9 Group together like

For fractions of the form , multiply the 3− √ 2

For fractions of the form , multiply the 4 +2 √ 3

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