Highway

engineering
Chapter 1

highway surveying location

ENG. Haji Ibnu Haji

Transportation Engineering Overview

deals with all kinds of transportation systems,

may it be on land, in the air and in the water.
Land transportation systems include Highways,
Tunnels and Railways and hence we have
Highway engineering, Tunnel Engineering and
Railway Engineering.
Air transportation engineering deals with the
design of airport structures and run ways.
Water transportation engineering deals with
the design of harbor structures
Highway engineering

  is a branch of transportation engineering which

deals with complete study (analysis and design) of
pavements. It is very specific to highway design.
Geometric and Pavement designs are carried out. In
Geometric design we study about stopping sight
distance, curvature, parking etc In Pavement design
we study about Flexible and Rigid pavement design
 Road transport is one of the most common mode of
transport. Roads in the form of track ways, human
pathways etc. were used even from the pre-historic times.
Since then many experiments were going on to make the
riding safe and comfort. Thus road construction became
an inseparable part of many civilizations and empires.
 Selecting the location of a proposed highway is an
important initial step in its design. based on
 topography,
 soil characteristics,

 Environmental factors such as

 noise
 air pollution,
 economic
HIGHWAY SURVEY METHODS
 Highway surveys usually involve measuring and c
omputing horizontal and vertical angles, vertical h
eights (elevations), and horizontal distances. The s
urveys are then used to prepare base maps with co
ntour lines (that is, lines on a map connecting point
s that have the same elevation) and longitudinal cr
oss-sections. Highway surveying techniques have
been revolutionized due to the rapid development
of electronic equipment and computers. Surveying
techniques can be grouped into three general categ
ories.
Ground surveys

Remote sensing

Computer graphics
 GROUND SURVEYS
 Ground surveys are the basic location technique fo
r highways. The total station is used for measuring
angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, dista
nces, and changes in elevation through the use of tr
igonometric levels; the level is used for measuring
changes in elevation only 。
 Total Station

Electronic Distance-
Measuring Devices
(EDM)

Leveling

Measuring
Tapes
 TOTAL STATION
 A total station is both an electronic theodolite and
electronic distance-measuring device (EDM). The t
otal station enables one to determine angles and di
stances from the instrument to other points. Angles
and distances may be used to calculate the actual p
ositions (coordinates and elevations).
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE-MEA
SURING DEVICES
 An EDM device consists mainly of a transmitter lo
cated at one end of the distance to be measured an
d a reflector at the other end. The transmitter sends
a light beam or a low-power laser pulse which is re
flected back to the transmitter.
 The difference in phase between the transmitted an
d reflected pulses is measured electronically and us
ed to determine the distance between the transmitte
r and the reflector.
 This equipment can measure distances up to about
1,000 meters in average atmospheric conditions.
 Units can also be changed from meters to feet.
 The total station offers these solutions because of i
nternal instantaneous calculations
 LEVELLING
 Levelling is the process by which differences in he
ight between two or more points can be determine
d.
 level has a built-in compensator that automatically
adjusts for minor errors in the set-up of the instrum
ent.
 MEASURING TAPES
 Tapes can be used for direct measurement of horiz
ontal distances. They are available in several mater
ials, but the types used for engineering work are us
ually made of steel or a woven nonmetallic or meta
llic material.
 DIGITAL SURVEY ADVANCEMEN
TS
 Significant advancements in survey technology ha
ve been made in recent years that reflect the world
wide revolution in wireless and communications te
chnology.

Survey Data Collectors

Multilayered
Information

Global Positioning
System Surveys

Office Procedures
 SURVEY DATA COLLECTORS

 Survey data collectors are devices that connect to a

ny survey instrument (total station) through a cable
or Bluetooth that allows a surveyor to secure infor
mation digitally.
 The information is stored on the hard drive of the d
evice.
 The data collector converts the survey instrument’s
raw data string into coordinates and elevations
MULTILAYERED INFORMATION
With the digital age, many projects are submitted i
n digital format. Digital formats offer a great deal
of flexibility. Prior to digital files, information was
often drawn on various-sized paper by hand. The d
igital files (Computer Aided Design Drafting, or C
ADD) files can have certain features turned on or o
ff. This can be very beneficial in a congested urban
area if one wishes to see only selected features. An
example would be utility items. If a paper copy is
desired, it also can be plotted showing only the des
ired features.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM S
URVEYS
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellit
e-based system that uses a constellation of 28 satel
lites to give a user an accurate position. GPS surve
ying is an evolving technology that was originally
designed for military use at any time anywhere on
the surface of the earth.

 The first two major civilian applications to emerge

were in marine navigation and surveying.
 REMOTE SENSING
 is the collection of information relating to objects
without being in physical contact with them. Thus
our eyes and ears are remote sensors, and the same
is true for cameras and microphones and for many
instruments used for all kinds of applications.
 is the process of acquiring data/information about
objects/substances not in direct contact with the se
nsor, by gathering its inputs using electromagnetic
radiation or acoustical waves that emanate from th
e targets of interest. An aerial photograph is a com
mon example of a remotely sensed (by camera and
film, or now digital) product.
TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING SYS
TEM

 Visual remote sensing system

 Optical Remote Sensing
 Infrared Remote Sensing
 Microwave Remote Sensing
 Radar Remote Sensing
 Satellite Remote Sensing
 Airborne Remote Sensing
 Acoustic and near-acoustic remote sensing
 VISUAL REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM
 The human visual system is an example of a remote se
nsing system in the general sense.
 The sensors in this example are the two types of photo
sensitive cells, known as the cones and the rods, at the
retina of the eyes.
 The cones are responsible for color vision.
 The rods are sensitive only to the total light intensity
 OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING
 optical sensors detect solar radiation reflected or scatte
red from the earth, forming images resembling photogr
aphs taken by a camera high up in space.
 The wavelength region usually extends from the visibl
e and near infrared VNIR to the short-wave infrared S
WIR.
 Different materials such as water, soil, vegetation, buil
dings and roads reflect visible and infrared light in diff
erent ways
 INFRARED REMOTE SENSING
 Infrared remote sensing makes use of infrared sens
ors to detect infrared radiation emitted from the Ea
rth's surface.
 The middle-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave
infrared (LWIR) are within the thermal infrared re
gion. These radiations are emitted from warm obje
cts such as the Earth's surface.
 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
 There are some remote sensing satellites which car
ry passive or active microwave sensors.
 The active sensors emit pulses of microwave radia
tion to illuminate the areas to be imaged. Images o
f the earth surface are formed by measuring the mi
crowave energy scattered by the ground or sea bac
k to the sensors.
 RADAR REMOTE SENSING
 Using radar, geographers can effectively map out the te
rrain of a territory.
 Radar works by sending out radio signals, and then wai
ting for them to bounce off the ground and return.
 By measuring the amount of time it takes for the signal
s to return, it is possible to create a very accurate topogr
aphic map.
 SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING
 In this part, many remote sensing images acquired
by earth observation satellites.
 These remote sensing satellites are equipped with s
ensors looking down to the earth.
 They are the "eyes in the sky" constantly observin
g the earth as they go round in predictable orbits.
 AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING
 In airborne remote sensing, downward or sideward look
ing sensors are mounted on an aircraft to obtain images
of the earth's surface.
 An advantage of airborne remote sensing, compared to
satellite remote sensing, is the capability of offering ver
y high spatial resolution images (20 cm or less).
 The disadvantages are low coverage area and high cost
per unit area of ground coverage.
 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
 Computer graphics, when used for highway location,
is usually the combination of photogrammetric and c
omputer techniques.
 With the use of mapping software, line styles, and fe
ature tables, objects and photographic features can be
recorded digitally and stored in a computer file. This
file can then either be plotted out in map form or sent
on to the design unit.
 Preparatory work (project setup)
 Photo orientations
 Data transfer
 Plotting and storage