1

11/13/2020
AT 17701 – Engine& Vehicle
Management System
SESSION 38
 2

11/13/2020
Unit V – Fault Diagnosis
System
SESSION 7
 3
Recap of session 37

 Relative compression test

 Alternator test

11/13/2020
 4
Air pollution – Driver for OBD

11/13/2020
 5
On-board Diagnostics (OBD)

 During the 1980s, most manufacturers began equipping their vehicles with full-function
control systems capable of alerting the driver of a malfunction and of allowing the
technician to retrieve codes that identify circuit faults.
 The automotive industry calls these systems On-Board Diagnostics (OBDs).
 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) developed the first regulation requiring
manufacturers selling vehicles in that state to install OBD.

11/13/2020
 6
On-board Diagnostics (OBD)

 What is OBD?
 Fundamentally, a contemporary microprocessor based on-board diagnostics or OBD system is
intended to self-diagnose and report when the performance of the vehicle’s emissions control
systems or components have degraded.
 This is to the extent that the tailpipe emissions have exceeded legislated levels or are likely to be
exceeded in the long term.
 When an issue occurs, the OBD system illuminates a warning lamp known as the malfunction
indicator lamp (MIL) or malfunction indicator (MI) on the instrument cluster.

11/13/2020
 7
OBD

 When the fault occurs, the system stores a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) that can be used
to trace and identify the fault.
 The system will also store important information that pertains to the operating conditions
of the vehicle when the fault was set.
 A service technician is able to connect a diagnostic scan tool or a code reader that will
communicate with the microprocessor and retrieve this information.
 This allows the technician to diagnose and rectify the fault, make a repair/replacement,
reset the OBD system and restore the vehicle emissions control system to a serviceable
status.

11/13/2020
 8
OBD

 As vehicles and their systems become more complex, the functionality of OBD is being
extended to cover vehicle systems and components that do not have anything to do with
vehicle emissions control.
 Vehicle body, chassis and accessories such as air conditioning or door modules can now
also be interrogated to determine their serviceability as an aid to fault diagnosis.

11/13/2020
 9
OBD 1

 OBD-I is based on some experience about road vehicles emission out of standard norms,
CARB proposed and then implemented first OBD requirement in April 1985.
 The main objective was to improve in-use emission compliance by monitoring the
computerized emission control system during on road and give indication to driver that it
should recheck/repair.
 First generation OBD-I Requirements applied to light duty vehicles beginning with 1988
Model year.

11/13/2020
 10
OBD 1

 The requirements was -Emission related inputs to ECU were required to be monitored for
open and short.
 The component required to monitor were
 ECU
 Fuel Metering system
 Ignition
 Exhaust Recirculation system if equipped.
 The OBD-I Regulation represented a substantial step forward in supporting the technician
to identify repairing systems/parts.

11/13/2020
 11
OBD II

 In year 1988, CARB prepared and implemented OBD-II.

 The purpose was to monitor the performance of sensors and actuators affecting the engine
emission norms and finally 1994 onward applied to all vehicles.
 OBD-II has to monitor following parts

11/13/2020
 12
Overview of OBDII Systems

 The federal government established regulations that required all vehicles to meet
specific and consistent requirements for a second generation of onboard diagnostics;
this is termed OBDII.
 This second generation OBD system was phased in starting in model year 1994. By
the 1996 model year, all light-duty vehicles, and by 2004 all medium-duty vehicles
sold in the United States had to meet OBDII standards.
 The primary purpose of OBDII is to insure that vehicles emit the minimum amount
of pollutants through their useful life.
 13
Features of OBDII Systems

 Standardized protocols for communicating with scan tools through a standardized

data link connector (DLC) located in an easily accessible location
 Determination and recording of readiness status of emission control system
monitors
 Standardized requirements for illumination of the malfunction indicator lamp
(MIL)
 Standardized diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs)
 Freeze frame
 14
India OBD – I

 In India first GSR 84(E) dated 9 th 2009 , was published for both positive and
compression Ignition Engines from BSIV 1st April 2010.
 Only Discontinuity Test : MIL must be activated if discontinuity of emission related
components occurs.
 Emission related parts were Oxygen sensor, Secondary air system if provided, coolant
temperature sensor, fuel tank leakage & evaporation and fuel system.
 Catalyst, misfire, EGR if provided was not included in IOBD-I Circuit continuity of all
emission related parts/systems and distance travelled since MIL ON was included

11/13/2020
 15
IOBD-II

 IOBD-II was further made stringent and MIL must be activated if emission related
components causes emission to exceed OBD threshold.
 OBD I is required from 1 April 2010 (except LPG or CNG-fuelled vehicles and those
>3500 kg GVW).
 OBD II is required from 1 April 2013 for all categories.
 OBD thresholds for BS V and BS VI vehicles follow those for Euro 5 and 6 vehicles.
 For BS VI vehicles, thresholds equivalent to Euro 6-1 apply initially and Euro 6-2 starting
April 1, 2023.

11/13/2020
16

11/13/2020
17

11/13/2020
 18
Standardized Data Link Connector (DLC)

 OBDII regulations require that manufacturers use a standardized diagnostic

connector. This is to allow a generic scan tool to be used on all OBDII equipped
systems.

 The connectors for early OBD systems were not standardized. Technicians need
a wide variety of interfaces to properly connect to early OBD systems on
different vehicles.

 The newly designed diagnostic connector for OBDII, officially known as the
DLC, contains 16 terminals. Seven of these are OBDII specific, while the
remaining nine are reserved for the discretionary purposes of the manufacturer

11/13/2020
 19
ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS GENERATION-II
(OBD-II) SYSTEMS

 The regulations for OBD-II vehicles state that the vehicle computer must be capable
of testing for, and determining, if the exhaust emissions are within 1.5 times the FTP
limits.
 To achieve this goal, the computer must do the following:
 Test all exhaust emission system components for correct operation.
 Actively operate the system and measure the results.
 Continuously monitor all aspects of the engine operation to be certain that the exhaust emissions
do not exceed 1.5 times the FTP.
 Check engine operation for misfire.
 Turn on the MIL (check engine) if the computer senses a fault in a circuit or system.
 Record a freeze-frame, which is a snapshot of all of the engine data at the time the DTC was set.
 Flash the MIL if an engine misfire occurs that could damage the catalytic converter. 11/13/2020
 20
DIAGNOSTIC EXECUTIVE AND TASK
MANAGER

 On OBD-II Systems, the PCM incorporates a special segment of software.

 On Ford and GM systems, this software is called the diagnostic executive.
 On Chrysler systems, it is called the task manager.
 This software program is designed to manage the operation of all OBD-II monitors by
controlling the sequence of steps necessary to execute the diagnostic tests and monitors.

11/13/2020
 21
Diagnostic socket

 The diagnostic socket used by systems conforming to European OBD (EOBD)/OBD2

standards should have the following pin configuration

11/13/2020
 22
Standardized Communication Protocol

 OBDII regulations have required that manufacturers use a few different

standardized communications protocols. This was to allow a generic scan tool to
be used on all OBDII equipped systems.
 Due to improved technology and resolving compatibility issues in
communication, manufacturers are now phasing in a common communication
protocol: Controller Area Network (CAN).
 By the model year 2008 all manufacturers must communicate to OBD II
approved scan tools using CAN..

11/13/2020
 23
Controller Area Network (CAN)

 The CAN communication system operates over two wires in the DLC
at much faster rates than any previous communication protocol.
 Vehicles communicating with CAN are capable of providing over 200
data parameters with a greatly increased update rate.
 Many OBD II scan tools will not be able to communicate with CAN
vehicles unless they are upgraded or replaced. Most scan tool
manufacturers have already produced updates or new tools, contact
your provider for more information.
 24
DLC Location

 The diagnostic connector is required to be located between the

driver’s end of the instrument panel and approximately one-foot
beyond the vehicle centerline, on or below the instrument
panel.
 On most vehicles, the connector is located beneath the
instrument panel, near the steering column. And the connector
is usually exposed.
 Some vehicles have hard to find DLCs.
 25
Typical DLC Location
 26
Not So Typical DLC Locations
Back Seat
 27
Hidden Behind Cover
 28
Hidden Behind Two Covers
 29
Hidden Behind Wood Cover
 30
OBD scenario example

 While driving, a vehicle owner observes that the

vehicle’s engine ‘lacks power’ and ‘jumps
sometimes’.
 This is a problem often faced by technicians in that
customers often have no engineering or automotive
knowledge and use lay terms to describe what is
happening with a very complex system.
 The driver does, however, report that the MIL has
been illuminated.

11/13/2020
 31
P-code composition

 The DTC is displayed as a five-character alphanumeric code. The first character is a letter
that defines which vehicle system set the code, be it powertrain, body or chassis.
 P means powertrain system set the code.
 B means body system set the code.
 C means chassis system set the code.
 U is currently unused but has been ‘stolen’ to represent communication errors.
 The four numbers that follow the letter detail information pertaining to what sub-system
declared the code

11/13/2020
32

11/13/2020
 33

End of session 38

11/13/2020