Solutions

I. What is a solution?
A solution is a
homogeneous
mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.

solute
One constituent is
usually regarded as the
SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
solvent
 Parts of a Solution
SOLUTE – the part of a solution that is being
dissolved (usually the lesser amount)
SOLVENT – the part of a solution that dissolves the
solute (usually the greater amount)
Solute + Solvent = Solution
Solution
Solvent

Solute
 Soluble/Insoluble vs. Miscible/Immiscible
SOLUBLE – a substance
that can be dissolved.
INSOLUBLE – a
substance that CANNOT
be dissolved
MISCIBLE – a liquid
substance that is soluble in
Immiscible
Miscible
another liquid.
IMMISCIBLE – a liquid
substance that is insoluble
in another liquid.
Types of Solutions
1. Gaseous solutions
2. Liquid solutions
3. Solid solutions--alloys
Types of Solutions
Examples
Gas in a Gas  Air
Gas in a Liquid  Soda
Liquid in a Liquid  Gasoline
Solid in a Liquid  Sea Water
Solids in Solids  Brass

Non-Examples
salad soil water
Which solution has the greatest, the least
and no concentration of solute?
Nature of Solutes in Solutions
 Spread evenly throughout the solution
 Cannot be separated by filtration
 Can be separated by evaporation
 Not visible, solution appears transparent
 May give a color to the solution

8
Water is the universal solvent
because more substances dissolve
in water than in any other
chemical.

This has to do with the polarity of

each water molecule.
Molecular Polarity H

H–C–H
Nonpolar molecules: H–C–H
-- e– are shared equally H–C–H

H–C–H
e.g., fats and oils
H
Polar molecules:
H H
-- e– NOT shared equally O
e.g., water
Water Molecules
Are polar because O is more
electronegative than H
Gives O a partial negative
charge.

Form strong intermolecular

hydrogen bonds.

Water molecules are

attracted to one another
better than other molecules
its size.
 Hydrogen bonding
animation

Hydrogen bonding
occurs because of
polarity
One water molecule
bonds to another.

12
What is, or is not, soluble in H20?

Like Dissolves Like

“Polar solvents dissolve ionic compounds and polar
molecules
Water is polar therefore it can dissolve
NaCl
Copper (II) sulfate

NaOH

Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar compounds

Oil is nonpolar, which is why oil and water separate
Which of these sugar cubes will dissolve the
fastest and how do you know?
Animations of the Solvation
(Animation of a Solute Dissolving)
While you watch each video clip, record your
observations on your notes.

Animation of Salt Dissolving in Water

Animation of Sugar Dissolving in Water

Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are
present in aqueous solutions?
The solutions can conduct
electricity

They are called

ELECTROLYTES
Examples:
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl
 Types of solutes
high conductivity

Strong Electrolyte -
100% dissociation,
all ions in solution

Na+
Cl-
 Types of solutes
slight conductivity

Weak Electrolyte -
partial dissociation,
molecules and ions in
solution

CH3COOH
CH3COO-
H+
 Types of solutes
no conductivity

Non-electrolyte -
No dissociation,
all molecules in
solution

sugar
 Electrolyte vs. Non-Electrolyte
Salt Sugar
(Ionic Solids) (Covalent Solids)
Broke apart into Both Broke apart into
ions whole molecules
Water is
Was able to light the solvent. Did not light the
the light bulb
Forms a light bulb
an electrolyte solution
a non-electrolyte
Can Conduct an
Can’t Conduct an
Electric Current
Electric Current

1. Break apart into whole molecules or Breaks apart into ions.

2. Able to light the bulb or Not able to light the bulb
3. Is a non-electrolyte or Is an electrolyte
4. Cannot conduct electricity or Can conduct electricity.
 Electrolyte vs. Non-Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a substance when dissolved in water can
conduct an electric current.

A non-electrolyte is a substance when dissolved in water can’t

conduct an electric current.
 Rate of Solution = How Fast
Exploration
1) To an empty 250mL beaker, add approximately 100mL
of warm-hot water from a hot plate.
2) To an empty 250mL beaker, add approximately 100mL
of ice water. Be sure to leave the ice behind! 
3) Add a sugar cube to each of the 250mL beakers.
Observe what happens.
4) Record your observations on your notes.
5) List other ways that you believe that you could make
a solute dissolve more quickly.
 Electrolytes in the Body
Make your own
 Carry messages to and
50-70 g sugar
from the brain as One liter of warm water
Pinch of salt
electrical signals 200ml of sugar free fruit
squash
 Maintain cellular Mix, cool and drink

function with the

correct
concentrations
electrolytes
 Rate of Solution
What are ways that you make a solute dissolve
faster in water?

1) Increase the temperature.

2) Crush or use smaller size solute particles.
3) Stir the solutions.
 Solubility = How Much
Type of Solute Temperature Pressure
Solubility generally Pressure has no effect
increases as on the solubility of a
Solid Solute temperature increases. solid.

Solubility generally Solubility generally

decreases as increases as pressure
Gaseous Solute temperature increases. increases.
 Gases and Solubility
Effect of pressure on Sudden release of
gas solubility. pressure from a
carbonated beverage.
 Types of Solutions
There are three ways to classify a
solution.

1) Unsaturated Solutions
2) Saturated Solutions
3) Supersaturated Solutions
 Types of Solutions
Type of Solution Description Picture Relation to
Solubility Curve

A solution in which Below the

Unsaturated more solute can Line
dissolve

A solution in which
contains the On the
maximum amount Line
Saturated
of solute

A solution in which
contains more than Above the
the maximum Line
Supersaturated amount of solute
 Supersaturated
The solution is holding more solute than it should be
able to. This is achieved by heating the solution and
then cooling it slowly.
Examples: rock candy, southern style sweet tea,
chemical heat packs
Supersaturated solutions are unstable. The
supersaturation is only temporary
Supersaturated
 Solubility Curves
Solubility indicates the amount
of solute that will dissolve in a
given amount of solvent at a
specific temperature.

For this curve,

X-Axis
 Temperature

Y-Axis
 How Much Solute Dissolves in 100g of
Water
Various Lines
 Each line represents a different solute.
 Solubility Curves
Supersaturated

Saturated

CO2

Unsaturated
 Using an available solubility
curve, classify as
unsaturated, saturated,
or supersaturated.
1. 80 g NaNO3 @ 30oC

unsaturated

2. 45 g KCl @ 60oC
per 100 g H2O

saturated
3. 30 g KClO3 @ 30oC

supersaturated
4. 70 g Pb(NO3)2 @ 60oC

unsaturated
 Describe each situation below.
5. Per 100 g H2O,
100 g NaNO3 @ 50oC.
unsaturated;
all solute dissolves;
clear solution.

6. Cool solution (A) very

slowly to 10oC.
supersaturated;
extra solute remains
in solution; still clear

7. Quench solution (A) in

an ice bath to 10oC.
saturated; extra solute (20 g)
can’t remain in solution and becomes visible
How to use a solubility graph?
A. IDENTIFYING A SUBSTANCE ( given the
solubility in g/100 cm3 of water and the temperature)

• Look for the intersection of the

solubility and temperature.
 Using Solubility Curves
8. How much KNO3 would dissolve in
100g of water at 50oC?
84g
9. How much NH4Cl would dissolve in
200g of water at 70oC?
120g
10. At what temperature would 22g of
KCl be able to dissolve in 50g of water?

68oC
11. Which is more soluble (has a higher
solubility) at 40oC?
 NH3
 KClO3
Learning Check :
12. What substance
has a solubility of
90 g/100 cm3 in
water at a
temperature of
25ºC ?
Learning Check :
13. What substance
has a solubility of
200 g/100 cm3 of
water at a
temperature of
90ºC ?
Look for the temperature or solubility

•Locate the solubility curve needed and

see for a given temperature, which
solubility it lines up with and visa versa.
Learning Check:
14. What is the
solubility of
potassium
nitrate at 80ºC ?
• 14. What is the
solubility of
potassium
nitrate at 80ºC ?
Learning Check :
15. At what
temperature will
sodium nitrate have
a solubility of 95
g/100 cm3 ?
Learning Check:
15. At what
temperature will
sodium nitrate have
a solubility of 95
g/100 cm3 ?
Learning Check:
16. At what
temperature will
potassium iodide
have a solubility of
230 g/100 cm3 ?
Learning Check:
17. At what
temperature will
potassium iodide
have a solubility of
130 g/100 cm3 ?
Using Solubility
Curves:
18. What is the
solubility of sodium
chloride at 25ºC in 100
cm3 of water ?

From the solubility

graph we see that
sodium chlorides
solubility is 36 g.
SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?
Soluble:
able to be dissolved
Insoluble:
does not dissolve in solution (or water)
Precipitate:
an insoluble solid formed when two
solutions are mixed
Soluble compounds contain… Insoluble compounds contain…

For these compounds, common exceptions are For these compounds, common exceptions are
INSOLUBLE. SOLUBLE.
Double Replacement reactions

AB + CD  AD + CB

NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl

Concentration
Concentration of
of Solute
Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given by
its concentration.

moles solute
Molarity (M) = liters of solution
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Dissolve
Dissolve5.00
5.00ggof
of NiCl
NiCl22•6
•6 H
H22O
O in
inenough
enoughwater
water
to
tomake
make250
250mL
mLofof solution.
solution. Calculate
Calculatethe theMolarity.
Molarity.
Known Unknown Analysis
Mass=5 g Molarity of molar mass = 237.7 g
Volume = 0.250 L NiCl2•6 H2O ? M= n/ V;

Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl2•6H2O

1 mol
5.00 g • = 0.0210 mol
237.7 g

Step 2: Calculate Molarity

0.0210 mol
= 0.0841 M
0.250 L

[NiCl2•6 H2O ] = 0.0841 M

 MOLARITY
MOLARITY PROBLEM
PROBLEM
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to make
250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution?
Known Unknown Analysis
Volume = 0.250 L g of H2C2O4,? molar mass = 90.00 g
M = 0.0500 moles/L M= mol/ V;

Step 1: Calculate moles of H2C2O4

(0.0500 mol/L) x (0.250 L) = 0.0125 moles
Step 2: Convert moles to grams
0.0125 mol H2C2O4 x (90.00 g/mol) = 1.13 g H2C2O4
1 mol H2C2O4
Learning Check

How many grams of NaOH are required

to prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH
solution?

1) 12 g
2) 48 g
3) 300 g