Large Ruminant Diseases

LARGE RUMINANT
DISEASES
BRUCELLOSIS
Bang’s disease, Contagious abortion,
undulant fever in man
caused by Brucella abortus and is
characterized by abortion, retained placenta,
orchitis and infection of the accessory sex
glands in males
Organisms are shed in milk and uterine
discharges, and the cow may become
temporarily infertile.
BRUCELLOSIS
Natural transmission occurs by
ingestion of organisms from aborted
fetuses, fetal membranes, and uterine
discharges.
Venereal transmission is rare
Brucellae may enter the body through
mucous membranes, conjunctivae,
wounds, or intact skin
BRUCELLOSIS
Abortion is the most obvious
manifestation and usually occurs
on the last 3 months of pregnancy.
stillborn or weak calves, retained
placentas, and reduced milk yield.
BRUCELLOSIS
Infected seminal vesicles,
ampullae, testicles, and epididymis
Testicular abscesses may occur.
Longstanding infections may
result in arthritic joints in some
cattle.
BRUCELLOSIS
BRUCELLOSIS
Diagnosis:
Serum agglutination tests and this
detect antibodies in milk, whey, semen,
and plasma.
ELISA has been developed to detect
antibodies in milk and serum.
BRUCELLOSIS
Screening Tests:
Brucella milk ring test (BRT)
Brucellosis card (or rose bengal) test
and plate test
BRUCELLOSIS
Control:
Testing and eliminating reactors
using the screening test
Use replacement stocks from
brucellosis-free areas or herds
Vaccination
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
acute pasteurellosis, caused by particular
serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and
manifested by an acute and highly fatal
septicemia in cattle and water buffaloes
Animals are infected by direct or indirect
contact.
The source of infective bacteria is thought
to be the nasopharynx of bovine or buffalo
carriers.
Natural infection is acquired by
ingestion or inhalation
The heaviest losses occur during the
monsoon rains in southeast Asia,
the organisms can survive for hours
and probably days in the moist soil and
water
Animals first show dullness, then reluctance
to move, fever, salivation, and serous nasal
discharge.
Edematous swelling in the throat region
and spreading to the parotid region, neck,
and brisket.
There is respiratory distress, and usually the
animal goes down and dies within hours.
Lesions:
Edema or widely distributed
hemorrhages, and general hyperemia.
there is an edematous swelling of the
head, neck, and brisket region.
Treatment:
Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillin,
and chloramphenicol
Prevention:
Vaccination using bacterin
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Foot and Mouth Disease
(Apthous Fever)
It is a highly infectious viral
disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats,
buffalo, and artiodactyl wildlife
species.
It is characterized by fever and
vesicles in the mouth and on the
muzzle, teats, and feet.
(Apthous Fever)
It is caused by an aphthovirus (Picornavirus);
7 distinct serotypes: A, O, C, Asia 1, and SAT
(Southern African Territories) 1, 2, and 3
virus is quickly inactivated outside the pH
range of 6.0-9.0 and by desiccation and
temperatures >56°C
Virus resistant to lipid solvents such as ether
and chloroform
(Apthous Fever)
Transmitted by contact between
susceptible and infected animals.
Can be transmitted respiratory or
oral routes
All excretions and secretions from
the infected animal contain virus
(Apthous Fever)
Another method of transmission
is the feeding of imported food
derived from an infected animal (as
meat, offal, or milk)
The primary site of infection and
replication is usually the mucosa of
the pharynx
(Apthous Fever)
The incubation period for FMD is 2-14 days.
Cattle salivate and stamp their feet as
vesicles develop on the tongue, dental pad,
gums, lips, and on the coronary band and
interdigital cleft of the feet.
Vesicles may also appear on the teats and
udder
Lesions on the mammary gland and feet
frequently develop secondary infections
(Apthous Fever)
(Apthous Fever)
(Apthous Fever)
Control:
Vaccination and quarantine and
restriction on the movement of animals
are best considered in controlling FMD
in the Philippines.
Ephemeral Fever (Three-day Sickness)
It is an insect-transmitted,
noncontagious, viral disease of
cattle and water buffalo
Caused by rhabdovirus which is
most prevalent in the wet season in
the tropics
Biphasic to polyphasic fever, shivering,
inappetence, lacrimation, serous nasal
discharge, drooling, dyspnea, atony of
forestomachs, depression, stiffness and
lameness, and a sudden decrease in milk yield.
 Affected cattle may become recumbent and
paralyzed for 8 hr to >1 wk.
Abortion of pregnant cows (8-9 months)
Control:
Complete rest is the most effective treatment
Anti-inflammatory drugs given early and in
repeated doses for 2-3 days are effective.
 Antibiotic treatment to control secondary
infection and rehydration with isotonic fluids
can be done.
Vaccination is an effective control
Mastitis
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary
gland due to infection by bacterial or mycotic
pathogens.
caused by streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae),
staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus), and gram-
negative rods (coliforms).
spread from cow to cow through aerosol
transmission
contagious pathogens are spread during milking
by milkers’ hands or the liners of the milking unit.
Mastitis
Clinical Signs:
Subclinical mastitis is the presence of an
infection without apparent signs of local
inflammation or systemic involvement.
Detection is best done by examination of
milk for somatic cell count using the
California Mastitis Test.
Mastitis
Clinical mastitis is an inflammatory
response to infection causing visibly
abnormal milk (eg, color, fibrin clots).
Causes inflammation of the udder
Mastitis
Mastitis
Treatment:
Subclinical mastitis: use of antibiotics like
amoxicillin, penicillin, and erythromycin
given intramammary are recommended.
Clinical Mastitis: give fluids, electrolytes,
and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Administration of dexamethasone can
reduce mammary gland swelling
Mastitis
Prevention:
New infections can be prevented by
following proper milking technique and
hygiene.
Clean and dry bedding, clean and dry udders
at the time of milking, and lack of teat-end
lesions all have a positive effect on control.
use of an effective germicide (eg, 1%
iodophor or 4% hypochlorite) as a
Anthrax (Splenic fever, Siberian ulcer,
Charbon, Milzbrand)
zoonotic disease caused by the
sporeforming bacterium Bacillus
anthracis and most common in wild
and domestic herbivores and in
humans exposed to tissue from
infected animals, contaminated animal
products or directly to spores
Anthrax
Biting flies may mechanically transmit
B anthracis spores from one animal to
another.
Feed contaminated with bone or other
meal from infected animals can serve
as a source of infection
heavily contaminated soil
Anthrax
Anthrax in humans:
cutaneous
GI anthrax following consumption of
contaminated raw or undercooked
meat.
inhalational anthrax or woolsorter’s
disease.
Anthrax
Anthrax
The incubation period is 3-7 days (range
1−14 days).
The peracute form is characterized by
sudden onset and a rapidly fatal course
In acute anthrax , there is an abrupt fever
and a period of excitement
There may be bloody discharges from the
natural body openings.
Anthrax
Anthrax
Chronic infections are characterized by
localized, subcutaneous, edematous swelling
in the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders.
Lesions:
Rigor mortis is frequently absent or
incomplete.
Dark blood may ooze from the mouth,
nostrils, and anus
Anthrax
Prevention:
Anthrax is controlled through
vaccination programs, rapid detection
and reporting, quarantine, treatment
of asymptomatic animals
(postexposure prophylaxis), and
burning or burial of suspect and
confirmed cases.
Leptospirosis (Redwater of calves
 thisbacterial disease is caused by

Leptospira hardjo, Leptospira pomona
Infection is acquired by contact of skin or
mucous membranes with urine and by
intake of urine-contaminated feed or water
Ingestion and venereal transmission
Infections can be readily established via the
conjunctiva, vaginal mucosa, or skin
abrasions.
Persistence in the kidneys results in a
carrier state
Humans are infected after contact with
tissues of infected animals or surface
waters contaminated by urine from
infected animals.
In human infection it can result to renal or
hepatic failure
Acute leptospirosis – calves have fever,
pulmonary congestion, icterus,
hemoglobinuria, and hemolytic anemia
In older cattle, signs include an abnormal
milk that is thick, yellow, and blood-tinged,
with thick clots and a high somatic cell
count
The chronic forms of leptospirosis manifest
as abortion and stillbirths
Lesions:
In the acute form, anemia, icterus,
hemoglobinuria, and submucosal
hemorrhages are prominent.
The kidneys are swollen and dark, with
multifocal petechial and ecchymotic
hemorrhages
The liver may be swollen, pale, and friable,
with minute areas of focal necrosis.
Treatment:
Tetracycline and oxytetracycline,
erythromycin, enrofloxacin, tiamulin,
and tylosin in acute cases
Oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and
enrofloxacin may be useful to treat
chronic infections.
Prevention:
Vaccination of the entire herd and
simultaneous treatment of all animals
with appropriate antibiotics is
recommended.
Blackleg
Blackleg is an acute, febrile disease of

cattle and sheep caused by Clostridium
chauvoei (feseri) characterized by
emphysematous swelling, usually in the
heavy muscles.
The organism is found naturally in the
intestinal tract of animals and can
remain viable in the soil for many years
Blackleg
Disturbance of soil may activate latent

spores.
The organisms probably are ingested,
pass through the wall of the GI tract,
and after gaining access to the
bloodstream, are deposited in muscle
and other tissues.
Blackleg
More common in beef breeds that are
in excellent health, gaining weight, and
usually the best animals of their group.
Acute lameness and characteristic
edematous and crepitant swellings
develop in the hip, shoulder, chest,
back, neck, or elsewhere
Blackleg
Lesions:
Crepitant swellings of the heavy
muscles beef breeds
affected muscle is dark red to black
and dry and spongy; it has a sweetish
odor and with small bubbles but with
little edema.
Blackleg
Blackleg
Prevention:
 Calves should be vaccinated twice, 2
wk apart, at 2-6 mo of age;
Penicillin could be used for
prophylactic treatment
Malignant Edema
It is an acute, generally fatal toxemia of
cattle usually caused by Clostridium
septicum
The organism is found in soil and
intestinal contents of animals
Infection ordinarily occurs through
contamination of wounds
Malignant Edema
Lesions develop within a few hours to a few
days after predisposing injury.
soft swellings that pit on pressure and
extend rapidly because of the formation of
large quantities of exudate that infiltrates
the subcutaneous and intramuscular
connective tissue of the affected areas.
The muscle in such areas is dark brown to
black.
Malignant Edema
Malignant Edema
Treatment:
Treatment with high doses of penicillin or
broad-spectrum antibiotics is indicated early
in the disease.
Prevention:
Bacterins are used for immunization.
In endemic areas, animals should be
vaccinated before they are castrated,
dehorned, or docked
Tetanus
caused by a specific neurotoxin
produced by Clostridium tetani in
necrotic tissue
Birds are quite resistant while
horses are the most sensitive of all
species
Tetanus
The organism is found in soil and
intestinal tract
it is introduced into the tissues
through wounds, particularly deep
puncture wounds’ or wounds that
are minor or healed
Tetanus
Localized stiffness, often involving
the masseter muscles and muscles
of the neck, the hindlimbs, and the
region of the infected wound
Spasms of head muscles cause
difficulty in prehension and
mastication of food(lockjaw)
Tetanus
Prevention:
Vaccination with tetanus toxoid
Treatment:
curariform agents, tranquilizers, or
barbiturate sedatives, in conjunction with
300,000 IU of tetanus antitoxin
Drain and clean the wounds and administer
penicillin or broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Footrot
It is a subacute or acute necrotic
infection originating from a lesion in
the interdigital skin that leads to a
cellulitis in the digital region
Fusobacterium necrophorum is
considered to be the major cause of
footrot and can be isolated from feces
Footrot
Injury to the interdigital skin provides
a portal of entry for infection.
Maceration of the skin by water, feces,
and urine may predispose to injuries.
The forelimbs or hindlimbs can be
affected
Footrot
first sign is swelling and erythrema of
the soft tissues of the interdigital space
and the adjacent coronary band.
Typically, the claws are markedly
separated, and the inflammatory
edema is uniformly distributed
between the 2 digits.
Footrot
Hematogenous infection of the
tissues of the interdigital space
footrot, results to “blind” or
“super foul.”
Footrot
Treatment:
Use of penicillin ,long-acting
oxytetracycline, Sulfa-trimethoprim/sulfa
adequate cleansing of lesions
application of gauze, cotton batting, or
bandages is contraindicated
Footrot
Prevention and Control:
Isolate infected animals until signs
of lameness have disappeared.
Use of a footbath with an
antiseptic and astringent solution
Tuberculosis
It is an infectious, granulomatous
disease caused by Mycobacterium
bovis
M bovis can cause progressive
disease in most warm-blooded
vertebrates, including humans.
Tuberculosis
Inhalation of infected droplets
expelled from the lungs is the usual
route of infection, although ingestion,
particularly via contaminated milk
progressive emaciation, lethargy,
weakness, and a low-grade, fluctuating
fever
Tuberculosis
Bronchopneumonia causes a chronic,
intermittent, moist cough with later
signs of dyspnea and tachypnea.
Superficial lymph node enlargement
The single most important diagnostic
test for TB is the intradermal
tuberculin test and necropsy findings
Tuberculosis
Control:
The 3 principal approaches to the
control of TB are test and slaughter,
test and segregation, and
chemotherapy.
Johne’s Disease
Also called Paratuberculosis
a chronic, contagious granulomatous
enteritis characterized in cattle by
persistent diarrhea, progressive weight
loss, debilitation, and eventually death.
the cause is Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis
Johne’s Disease
The organism is excreted in large
numbers in feces, colostrum and
milk.
It is resistant to environmental
factors and can survive on pasture
for >1 yr
Johne’s Disease
The infection is through the fecal-
oral route
Infection is acquired early in life—
often soon after birth
characterized by weight loss and
diarrhea in the late phases of
infection
Johne’s Disease
Over weeks or months, the diarrhea becomes
more severe, causing lost of weight that
terminates in emaciation and death.
Diagnosis depends on detecting the organism
in feces or tissue (culture, PCR), cellular
immune response to infection (skin testing,
gamma interferon), or on detecting antibody
(ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion), necropsy
and staining
Johne’s Disease
No satisfactory treatment is known.
limit the exposure of young animals to
the organism, obtain young from dams
that test negative and then reared
segregated as much as possible from
adults and their manure until >1 yr old.
 routine testing program
Bloat (Ruminal Tymphany)
overdistention of the
rumenoreticulum with the gases of
fermentation,
Forms: primary or frothy bloat
or secondary or free-gas bloat
In primary bloat, the rumen becomes
obviously distended suddenly, and the
left flank may be so distended that the
contour of the paralumbar fossa
protrudes above the vertebral column;
the entire abdomen is enlarged
Dyspnea and grunting are marked and
are accompanied by mouth breathing
In secondary bloat, the excess gas
is usually free on top of the solid
and fluid ruminal contents
There is tympanic resonance over
the dorsal abdomen left of the
midline
rumenotomy may be necessary.
 trocar and cannula may be used for
emergency relief
antifoaming agent (vegetable oils and
mineral oils (paraffins), Dioctyl sodium
sulfosuccinate (docusate), a surfactant
rumen fistula provides short-term relief for
cases of free-gas bloat associated with
external obstruction of the esophagus
Control:
continual administration of an
antifoaming agent during the risk period
To prevent feedlot bloat, rations
should contain ≥10-15% cut or chopped
roughage mixed into the complete feed.
Grains should be rolled or cracked, not
finely ground
Parturient Paresis (Milk fever,
hypocalcemia)
an acute to peracute, afebrile,
flaccid paralysis of mature dairy
cows that occurs most commonly at
or soon after parturition
It is manifested by changes in
mentation, generalized paresis, and
circulatory collapse
hypocalcemia)
At or near the time of parturition, the
onset of lactation results in the sudden
loss of calcium into milk. Serum
calcium levels decline from normal and
cows are hyperglycemic
Parturient paresis usually occurs
within 72 hr of parturition
hypocalcemia)
There are 3 discernible stages of
parturient paresis:
During stage 1, animals are ambulatory
but show signs of hypersensitivity and
excitability. Cows have fine tremors
over the flanks and triceps, and display
ear twitching and head bobbing
hypocalcemia)
Cows in stage 2 are unable to stand but
can maintain sternal recumbency.
Cows have subnormal body
temperature, and cold extremities
Cows often tuck their heads into their
flanks, or if the head is extended, an S-
shaped curve to the neck may be noted
hypocalcemia)
In stage 3, cows lose consciousness
progressively to the point of coma.
They are unable to maintain sternal
recumbency, have complete muscle
flaccidity, are unresponsive to stimuli,
and can suffer severe bloat
hypocalcemia)
Treatment:
IV injection of a calcium gluconate salt,
although SC and IP routes are also used
Administration of oral calcium avoids
the risks of cardiotoxic side effects and
may be useful in mild cases of parturient
paresis
hypocalcemia)
Prevention:
Cows are administered either SC calcium
on the day of calving or oral calcium gels
at calving and 12 hr later.
use of the dietary cation-anion difference
(DCAD), which decreases the blood pH of
cows during the late prepartum and early
postpartum period
hypocalcemia)
reducing the potassium content of
the diet
administration of vitamin D3 and
its metabolites is effective in
preventing parturient paresis

Large Ruminant Diseases

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Large Ruminant Diseases

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LARGE RUMINANT

 thisbacterial disease is caused by

Blackleg is an acute, febrile disease of

Disturbance of soil may activate latent

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