Week 3 Env MGM (Part II)

ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY
WEEK 3
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (PART II)
1
Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define environmental indicator.
Define environmental indices.
List of methods for sampling and analysis of

contaminated soil, air and water.
Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Student is able to define environmental indicator.
Student is able to define environmental indices.
Student is able to list methods for sampling and analysis of

contaminated soil, air and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND
INDICES
Environmental indicators
Parameters that describe the state of the environment with a
significance extending beyond that usually associated with a parameter
value
Quantitative measure against some aspects of policy performance can
be assessed.
E.g. number of earth worms in soil (soil quality), total suspended
particulate concentration (air quality), number of salmon in water (water
quality), lichens (air quality), etc.

Biological
5
6
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD: measure the amount of O2 that is required by microorganisms in

the biochemical oxidation of organic matter
Organic matter + O2 CO2 + New Cells

+ Energy
7
What to Expect
BOD Level (in ppm) Water Quality
1-2 Very Good

There will not be much organic waste present in
the water supply
3.- 5 Fair: Moderately Clean
6-9 Poor: Somewhat Polluted

Usually indicates organic matter is present and
bacteria are decomposing
this waste
100 or greater Very Poor: Very Polluted

Contains organic waste
Dissolved Oxygen
D.O.
Amount of “FREE” Oxygen
O2
In the Water
Required By : FISH
MICROORGANISMS
( Bacteria)
D.
0.
Me
ter
Nitrification
BIOLOGICAL Oxidation of Nitrogen

From to to
AMMONIA NITRITE NITRATE
(NH3) ( NO2) (NO3)
NH3 + O2 NO2 + O2 NO3

Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids
Total suspended solids (TSS) are the main cause of turbidity. The most
common, and accurate, method of measuring suspended solids is by
weight. To measure TSS, a water sample is filtered, dried, and weighed.
This method is the most accurate technique for measuring total
suspended solids, however it is also more difficult and time-
consuming .
The amount of solids present in a water sample.

12
13
TSS DETERMINATION
14
INDICES – CONT’
Environmental indices
A set of aggregated or weighted indicators
Used to monitor pollution, changes in biotic communities,
environmental standards or quality of the environment
Types of environmental indices
Simple ratios - percentage
Scoring system – biotic score, give score to different types of organism
in a community
Composite indices- concentration of various contaminants are score
and added together e.g. water quality index and air pollution index

18
19
Biotic score
INDICES – CONT’
Example
Lichen on apple tree is a bio-indicator of air pollution
Q  f 

1
Index of air purity =
n
10
where
n = number of species at the site
f = frequency (cover) of species
Q= mean number of other species growing in that area

ASSIGNMENT TITLE
Describe Environmental Management System of an organization

relevant to your study. A detailed report is required including of all
core elements, standards and activities.
•Power point presentation by each group.

•Each group maximum 5 people.
•A written report not more than 3000 words
•Submit a turnitin report together with assignment (< 20%).
•You may include charts and tables.
•Submit your group names to the class leader.
22
SOIL CONTAMINATION BUKIT MERAH CASE
23
24
SOIL CONTAMINATIONS
Principles underlying a risk-based approach to site assessment and

management are:
Decision based mainly on protection of human health or the
environment
Activities performed should focus on collecting relevant information
required to determine the likely health and environmental impact
associated with the site
There is need to appropriately allocate resources due to limited available
resource

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
CONTAMINATED SOIL – CONT’
Three stages of assessment activities:
Initial assessment
to identify any potential presence of subsurface environmental
impacts based on a defined assessment protocol/procedure
Detailed assessment
soil and groundwater investigation process that aims to
determine if the subsurface environmental media is impacted

Three stages of assessment activities (cont’):

Risk assessment
Process of estimating the potential impact of a contaminant on an
ecosystem or human population under a specific set of conditions.
Tier 1 – non-site specific risk calculation
Tier 2 – site specific risk assessment based upon simple fate and
transport models
Tier 3 – sophisticated site specific risk assessment based upon highly

technical fate and transport models

Soil sampling
Systematic grid – applicable during delineation assessment where
quantification of subsurface contamination is required
Random – most suitable during baseline environmental site assessment
for lands which are not identified with any onsite or offsite sources of
contamination
Judgmental – most appropriate when site information is known or is
suspected to be limited to a specific area

CONTAMINATED SOIL
Soil analysis
Based in the objectives of the assessment and
should be performed in accordance with recognized
methods such as United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) and American Public
Health Association Standard (APHA) Methods
Field and analytical results – physical characteristics

of the soil (variation with depth) i.e. porosity and
density, moisture content, organic carbon content
and toxicity

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AIR
Air pollution monitoring system include

Collection or sampling of pollutants both from the
ambient air and from specific sources
Analysis or measurement of the pollutants
concentrations
Reporting and usage of the information collected

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AIR
Emission data collected from point sources are used

to
 Determine compliance with air pollution regulations
 Determine effectiveness of air pollution control technology
 Evaluate production efficiencies
 Support scientific research

AIR
Methods for air sampling can be either manual or automated.
Manual methods – specific techniques that must be followed

when collecting and analyzing an air pollutant sample
Automated methods – instrument used for data collection and

analysis of a pollutant usually on continuous basis
Concentration of pollutant is expressed in terms of mass per unit

volume, usually micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) or parts per
million (ppm)

TYPES OF AIR SAMPLERS

TYPES OF AIR SAMPLERS – CONT’

35
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AIR –
CONT’
Analysis of air quality

Noxious and offensive substances i.e. particulate matters, carbon
monoxide, nitric acid, ozone, sulphurous acid
Metal compounds in gas emission i.e. lead, arsenic, zinc, mercury etc
Color – refer to Ringelmann Smoke Chart
Offensive odors

Ringelmann smoke chart

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF WATER
Some of the parameters used

Turbidity
Color
Odors
pH
Conductivity
Oxygen concentration
Pesticide
Pathogen

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF WATER –
CONT’
Materials used for surface water sampling
Most surface water samples are collected by filling any clean one-litre
glass containers with foil-lined caps.
pH meters are needed if documenting the acidity of the sample is
desired
Equipment for measuring discharge and velocity of moving water
bodies i.e. flow meter
Hand pumps can be useful for sampling water profiles

40
KEY TERMS
Environmental indicators – Parameters that describe the state of

the environment with a significance extending beyond that usually
associated with a parameter value
Environmental indices – A set of aggregated or weighted
indicators
Baseline data – Initial data
Toxicity - The quality, relative degree, or specific degree of being

toxic or poisonous
Turbidity – cloudiness or muddiness of water sample

REFERENCES
Sheldon, C. ed. (2007). ISO14001 and Beyond: Environmental

Management Systems in the Real World. London, Greenleaf
Pub.
Gilbert, M. and Gould, R. (1998). Achieving Environmental

Standards, 2nd ed. Pitman Pub.

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ENVIRONMENTAL

Define environmental indicator.

Define environmental indices.

List of methods for sampling and analysis of

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 2

Student is able to define environmental indicator.

Student is able to define environmental indices.

Student is able to list methods for sampling and analysis of

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 3

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 4

BOD: measure the amount of O2 that is required by microorganisms in

Organic matter + O2 CO2 + New Cells

1-2 Very Good

6-9 Poor: Somewhat Polluted

100 or greater Very Poor: Very Polluted

BIOLOGICAL Oxidation of Nitrogen

NH3 + O2 NO2 + O2 NO3

common, and accurate, method of measuring suspended solids is by

weight. To measure TSS, a water sample is filtered, dried, and weighed.

This method is the most accurate technique for measuring total

suspended solids, however it is also more difficult and time-

The amount of solids present in a water sample.

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 17

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 21

Describe Environmental Management System of an organization

•Power point presentation by each group.

Principles underlying a risk-based approach to site assessment and

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 25

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 26

Three stages of assessment activities (cont’):

Tier 1 – non-site specific risk calculation

Tier 3 – sophisticated site specific risk assessment based upon highly

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 27

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 28

Field and analytical results – physical characteristics

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 29

Air pollution monitoring system include

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 30

Emission data collected from point sources are used

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 31

Manual methods – specific techniques that must be followed

Automated methods – instrument used for data collection and

Concentration of pollutant is expressed in terms of mass per unit

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 32

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 33

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 34

Analysis of air quality

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 36

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 37

Some of the parameters used

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 38

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 39

Environmental indicators – Parameters that describe the state of

Toxicity - The quality, relative degree, or specific degree of being

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 41

Sheldon, C. ed. (2007). ISO14001 and Beyond: Environmental

Gilbert, M. and Gould, R. (1998). Achieving Environmental

Last Updated:November 21, 2020 © LMS SEGi education group 42

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