C E LL S TR U C TU R E A N D

ITS ORG A N E L L E S
SESSION 2
LOOKING BACK!

01 02 03
What three How did the If the mentioned
scientists did not pursue
statements best invention of their works and shared
describe cell theory? microscope their contributions to the
Explain each contribute to the world, do you think the
postulate. discovery of cells? idea that “all organisms
are made up of cells”,
would exist? Justify your
answer.
 CELL DIVERSITY- SIZE
BIGGEST CELLS:
6 INCHES LONG, 5 INCHES WIDE, 3
LONGEST CELLS: SMALLEST CELLS: POUNDS

Ostrich Egg
 COMMON
PAYCOTSML STRUCTURE
Cytoplasm UESCLNU
Nucleus
• IS THE OUTER BOUNDARY OF
THE CELL. PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER; SEMI-PERMEABLE,
THAT IT CONTROLS WHAT
GOES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL.

• HOUSES DNA AND DIRECTS

SYNTHESIS OF RIBOSOMES AND
PROTEINS.

LELC EABMMNRE • PROVIDES STRUCTURE TO THE

Cell Membrane CELL, SITE OF MANY METABOLIC
REACTIONS; MEDIUM WHICH
ORGANELLES ARE FOUND.
 Cell Organelles

•“little organ”
•A specialized subunit of a cell
that has a specific function
Outside Cell
of cell
Membrane
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Boundary of the cell
Cell
membrane Controls what enters or
leaves the cell
Made of a phospholipid
Inside
of cell Protein
bilayer with proteins
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer
embedded (Fluid-Mosaic
Model)
THE CELL MEMBRANE IS FLUID

MOLECULES IN CELL MEMBRANES ARE CONSTANTLY MOVING AND CHANGING

 •Lies immediately against
the cell wall in plant cells
•Pushes out against the cell
wall to maintain cell shape

CELL MEMBRANE IN PLANTS

 cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM
•Jelly-like Substance Enclosed
By Cell Membrane
•Provides A Medium For
Chemical Reactions To Take
Place
•Contains Organelles To Carry
Out Specific Jobs
 THE CONTROL
ORGANELLE - NUCLEUS
•Controls the normal activities of the
cell
• Contains the DNA in chromosomes
•Bounded by a nuclear envelope
(membrane) with pores
•Usually the largest organelle
•Usually one per cell
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
•Double membrane surrounding
nucleus
•Also called nuclear membrane
•Contains nuclear pores for
materials to enter & leave
nucleus
Passage of the substances that
move in and out of the nucleus
NUCLEOLUS
•Inside Nucleus
•Disappears When Cell
Divides
•Makes Ribosomes That
Make Proteins
MITOCHONDRION
(PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)

• “Powerhouse” of the cell

• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• Both plants & animal cells have
mitochondria
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a double membrane
Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane
called CRISTAE (increases
surface area) for more
chemical Reactions
Interior called MATRIX
 Click icon to add
picture
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Network of hollow membrane tubules
• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
• Functions in synthesis of cell products & transport

Two kinds of ER ---

ROUGH & SMOOTH
ROUGH AND • Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; it makes proteins
SMOOTH • Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids (steroids), Regulates
calcium (muscle cells), Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
 ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane

(transport)
RIBOSOME
•Site of protein synthesis
•Found attached to rough ER or floating
free in cytosol

•Produced in a part of the nucleus called

the nucleolus

•Can be attached to
rough ER

•Or be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

 GOLGI BODIES

•Stacks of flattened sacs CIS

•Have a shipping side (CIS face) & a
receiving side (TRANS face)
•Receive proteins made by ER
•Molecules transported to and from
the Golgi by means of vesicles TRANS

Transport vesicle
GOLGI BODIES
LOOK LIKE A STACK OF PANCAKES

Modify, sort, & package

molecules from ER for storage
OR transport out of cell
 Golgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by

VESICLES
 •Contain digestive enzymes
•Break down food, bacteria, and worn
out cell parts for cells
•Programmed for cell death
(APOPTOSIS)
•Lyse & release enzymes to break
down & recycle cell parts)

LYSOSOMES
 CILIA & FLAGELLA

•Function in moving cells, in

moving fluids, or in small
particles across the cell surface
 CILIA & FLAGELLA

•CILIA ARE SHORTER AND MORE

NUMEROUS ON CELLS
•FLAGELLA ARE LONGER AND
FEWER (USUALLY 1-3) ON CELLS
CELL MOVEMENT WITH
CILIA & FLAGELLA
CILIA MOVING AWAY DUST
PARTICLES FROM THE LUNGS
•Fluid filled sacks
for storage
•Small or absent in
animal cells
•Plant cells have a
large central vacuole
VACUOLES
VACUOLES
•In plants, they store cell sap
•Includes storage of sugars,
proteins, minerals, lipids,
wastes, salts, water, and
enzymes
 CHLOROPLASTS
•Found only in producers
(organisms containing
chlorophyll)
•
Use energy from sunlight to
make own food (glucose)
•
Energy from sun stored in the
chemical bonds of sugars
 Cell Wall
Found in plant and bacterial cells
Rigid, protective barrier. Supports
and protects cell
Located outside of the cell
membrane
Made of cellulose and lignin
(fiber)
Cytoplasm Nucleus COMMON
STRUCTURE

Cell Membrane
SIMPLE OR COMPLEX CELLS
 PROKARYOTES
(THE FIRST CELLS)

• CELLSTHAT LACK A NUCLEUS OR

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
• INCLUDES BACTERIA
• SIMPLEST TYPE OF CELL
• SINGLE, CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME
 PROKARYOTES
•Nucleoid region (center) contains the
DNA
•Surrounded by cell membrane & cell
wall
•Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in
their cytoplasm to make proteins
EUKARYOTES

•Cells that HAVE a nucleus

and membrane-bound
organelles
•Includes protists, fungi,
plants, and animals
•More complex type of cells
 EUKARYOTIC CELL

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

•Nucleus
•Cell membrane
•Cytoplasm with organelles
 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

nucleus? NO (nucleoid) YES

membrane-bound
NO YES (Many)
organelles?
size 1 - 10 m 10 - 50 m

when evolved? 3.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago

cytoplasm? YES YES

cell membrane? YES YES

cell wall? Some Do Plants

ribosomes? YES YES

Circular
DNA? Chromosomes in Nucleus
Free Floating
Plants, Animals, Fungi, and
examples Bacteria
Protists
 EXIT TICKET #2
DIRECTIONS:
FILL IN THE
VENN DIAGRAM
TO
COMPARE PLANT
CELLS TO ANIMA
L CELLS.
REMINDER
AUGUST 18, 2020
•ACTIVITY 2: CELLULAR STRUCTURES (PAGE 4)
•ACTIVITY 3: CELL ORGANELLES (PAGE 5)
AUGUST 26, 2020
• ACTIVITY 1: SPOT THE DIFFERENCES (PAGE 2-4)
• ACTIVITY 2: RISING ACTION: WEIGHING UP! (PAGE 5)