Fundamentals Of Computer

Problem Solving
(CSC415)

by
PUAN AFIZA ISMAIL
Faculty of Computer & Mathematical Sciences
UiTM MALAYSIA

1
Repetition Structures

Chapter 5

2
 Contents

5.1 Introduction
5.2 The for loops
5.2.1 Nested for loops
5.3 The while loops
5.3.1 Counter-controlled while loops
5.3.2 Sentinel-controlled while loops
5.4 The do..while loops
5.5 break and continue statement
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 5.1
Introduction
 The repetition structure is a section of
repeating code in a program a.k.a a loop
 The loop contains a set of statements to
be executed repeatedly based on a
condition
 3 basic types of loops :
 for
 while
 do..while
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 5.2
The for loops
 The general form of the for statement is:
for (initial statement; loop condition;

update statement)
statement;

 The initial statement, loop condition, and

update statement are called for loop
control statements
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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)

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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
 The initial statement consists of a
single statement used to set the initial or
starting value of a variable called counter
variable
 The loop condition tests the value of the
counter variable and determines when the
loop is to stop
 The expression provides the increment
value added or subtracted from the counter
variable each time the loop is executed
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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
 During the execution of the for statement, the following steps of action
occurs :
1. The initial statement is evaluated.
2. The loop condition is evaluated.
3. If the loop condition evaluates to true, then
i. statement is executed
ii. execute the update statement (the third
expression in the parentheses).
iii.repeat Step 2 until the loop condition evaluates to

false.
otherwise the for loop terminates and control transfers to the
next statement following it.

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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
The use of for loops are shown as follows :
Example 1 :

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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
Example 2 :

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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
 Example 3 :

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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
Counting the number of repetition :
 Symmetric loop (a <= n <= b)

Example :
for (i = 10; i <= 40; i += 5)
the counts is
(b – a)/c+1 = (40-10)/5 + 1 = 7
 Asymmetric loop (a <= n < b)

for (i = 10; i < 40; i += 5)

the counts is
(b – a)/c = (40-10)/5 = 6
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 5.2
The for loops (cont.)
2 forms of the for statement :
 Ascending for loop

Example :
for (variable=initial_value; variable <=
final_value; increment expression)
e.g : for (i = 10; i <= 40; i += 5)

 Descending for loop

for (variable=initial_value; variable >=
final_value; decrement expression)
e.g : for (i = 40; i >= 10; i -= 5)
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 5.2.1
The nested for loops
 Loop contained within another loop
 Example 4 :

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 5.2.1
The nested for loops (cont.)
 Example 5 :
How to display a pattern of numbers like this :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1

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 5.2.1
The nested for loops (cont.)
 Example 5 :
The program :

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 5.3
The while loops
 Required for repetitive execution that cannot be determined in
advance
 The syntax :

while (condition)
statement;

 statement can be simple or compound; the body of the loop

 condition acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical
expression
 The parentheses are part of the syntax

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 5.3
The while loops (cont.)
 condition provides an entry condition
 statement executes if the expression initially evaluates to true
 Loop condition is then reevaluated
 Statement continues to execute until the expression is no longer
true (false)

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 5.3
The while loops (cont.)
5.3.1 Counter-Controlled while Loops :
If you know exactly how many pieces of data need to
be read, the while loop becomes a counter-
controlled loop

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 5.3
The while loops (cont.)
 Counter-Controlled while Loops :
Example 6 :

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 5.3
The while loops (cont.)
5.3.2 Sentinel-Controlled while Loops :
Sentinel variable is tested in the condition and loop ends when
sentinel is encountered

See Example 7.
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 5.3
The while loops (cont.)

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 5.3
The do..while loops (cont.)
 The general form of a do...while statement is:

do
statement
while (expression);

 The statement executes first, and then the

expression is evaluated
 If the expression evaluates to true, the
statement executes again
 As long as the expression in a do...while
statement is true, the statement executes
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 5.3
The do..while loops (cont.)

 See Example 8, Example 9 & Example 10.

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Example 8 :
5.3
The do..while loops

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Example 9 :
5.3
The do..while loops

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Example 10 :
5.3
The do..while loops

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 5.4
‘break’ & ‘continue’ statement
 A break statement forces an immediate exit
when executed in a while, for, do while or
switch statement
 A continue statement skips the remaining
statements in the body of the structure and
proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
 See Example 12.

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Example 12 :

5.4
‘break’ & ‘continue’ statement

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