Fundamentals Of Computer

Problem Solving
(CSC415)

by
PUAN AFIZA ISMAIL
Faculty of Computer & Mathematical Sciences
UiTM MALAYSIA

1
Selection Structures

Chapter 4

2
 Contents

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Selection criteria with Boolean expression
4.3 The if statement
4.4 The if..else statement
4.5 Nested if statement / if..else chain
4.6 The switch statement

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 4.1
Introduction
 A computer can proceed:
 In sequence
 Selectively (branch) - making a choice
 Repetitively (iteratively) - looping
 Some statements are executed only if
certain conditions are met
 A condition is represented by a logical
(Boolean) expression that can be true or
false
 A condition is met if it evaluates to true
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 4.1
Introduction (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression

 Boolean expression is a sequence of

operands and operators that combine to
produce one of the Boolean values, true or
false.
 2 types of Boolean expression :
- simple Boolean expression
- compound Boolean expression

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

Simple Boolean expression :

 is of the form

expression1 relational-operator expression2

 Relational operators:
 Allow comparisons
 Require two operands
 Return 1 if expression is true, 0 otherwise

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)
 Relational operators can be any of the following
operators :

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)
 Relational operators can be any of the following
operators :

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

Comparing string Types :

 Relational operators can be applied to strings
 Strings are compared character by character,
starting with the first character
 Suppose we have the following declarations:
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "Hi";
string str3 = "Air";
string str4 = "Bill";
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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)
Compound Boolean expression :
 is formed by combining simple Boolean expressions with
the following logical operator :

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)
 For example, the expression such as
5 <= x <= 10

can be written as the following compound

Boolean expression:
(5 <= x) && ( x <= 10)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression (cont.)

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 4.3
The if statement
 Used in a one-way selection
 The syntax :
if (condition)
statement;

 statement is executed if the value of the

condition is true

 statement is bypassed if the value of the condition

is false; program goes to the next statement
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 4.3
The if statement (cont.)
 Example :

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 4.3
The if statement (cont.)
 Example :
Exercise 21
Exercise 22

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 4.4
The if..else statement
 Two-way selection takes the form:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;
 If expression is true, statement1 is executed
otherwise statement2 is executed
 statement1 and statement2 are any C++
statements
 else is a reserved word
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 4.4
The if..else statement (cont.)
 Example :
Exercise 23
Exercise 24 :
Consider the following statements :

if final_score >= 60
status = pass
else
status = fail

Write in C++ statement.

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 4.5
The nested if statement
 Multiple selection
 When one control statement is located within
another (nested)
 The rule :
- Pairing and else with an if
An else is associated with the most recent
if that has not been paired with an else
( an else is always belongs to the
closest if)
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 4.5
The nested if statement (cont.)

pair

pair

pair

pair

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 4.5
The nested if statement (cont.)
 Consider the following statements :

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 4.5
The nested if statement (cont.)
 Consider the following case :
Nation’s Air force has asked you to write a program to
label supersonic aircraft as military or civilian. Your
program is to be given the plane’s observed speed in
km/h and its estimated length in meters. For planes
traveling in excess of 1100km/h, you will label those
longer than 52 meters “civilian” and shorter aircraft as
“military”. For planes traveling at slower speeds, you
will issue an “aircraft type unknown” message.

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 4.5
The nested if statement (cont.)

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 4.6
The switch statement
 switch structure: alternate to if..else

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 4.6
The switch statement
 switch expression is evaluated first
 Value of the expression determines which
corresponding action is taken
 Expression is sometimes called the selector
 Expression value can be only integral
 Its value determines which statement is
selected for execution
 A particular case value should appear only
once
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 4.6
The switch statement (cont.)
 One or more statements may follow a case
label
 Braces are not needed to turn multiple
statements into a single compound statement
 The break statement may or may not appear
after each statement
 switch, case, break, and default are
reserved words
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 4.6
The switch statement (cont.)
Rules :
 When value of the expression is matched against a case
value,
 Statements execute until break statement is found or the
end of switch structure is reached
 If value of the expression does not match any of the case
values
 Statements following the default label execute If no
default label, and if no match, the entire switch
statement is skipped
 A break statement causes an immediate exit from the
switch structure
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 4.6
The switch statement (cont.)
Example :
- Exercise 28
- Exercise 29

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 4.6
The switch statement (cont.)

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 4.6
The switch statement (cont.)

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