NERVOUS

SYSTEM
TWO CLASSES OF CELLS
1. NEURONS
2. NEUROGLIA
TWO CLASSES OF CELLS
1. NEURONS
- are responsible for communication by
transmitting electrochemical signals.
- they look different from other cells because of
their intricate cellular structure.
MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON
 MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON
are tree-like
structures that
extend from the cell
body of the neuron.

They pick up signals

from the
environment or from
other neurons
toward the cell body
 MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON

Is the long fiber that

carries impulses from
the cell body toward
other neurons or
effector cells.

It is surrounded by a
membrane known as
MYELIN SHEATH.
 MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON

The axon ends in a

series of SYNAPTIC
TERMINALS (terminal
buttons), which
connect to other
neurons or an
EFFECTOR (target)
CELL.
 BASIC TYPES OF NEURON
a. AFFECTOR NEURONS
(Sensory Neurons)
-transmit signals from the receptors of the body
such as the sensory organs to the central
nervous system.
 BASIC TYPES OF NEURON
a. AFFECTOR NEURONS
(Sensory Neurons)
-transmit signals from the receptors of the body
such as the sensory organs to the central
nervous system.
 BASIC TYPES OF NEURON
b. EFFERENT NEURONS
(Motor Neurons)
-transmit signals from the CNS going to the
effectors such as MUSCLES and GLANDS.
 BASIC TYPES OF NEURON
c. INTERNEURONS

-connect the afferent and the efferent neurons

and carry information between them.
 TWO CLASSES OF CELLS
2. NEUROGLIA
- Also called helper cells or glial cells
- Protect, feed, and insulate the nerve cells.

The CNS serves as the center of integration

And control of all our body’s activities.

It is composed of the brain and the spinal

cord.
BRAIN
-Is a soft, delicate organ
found inside the cranial
cavity.
-responsible for higher
mental functions
(memory, consciousness,
reasoning, and other
voluntary actions)
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

1. CEREBRUM
-Is the largest part of the brain and is
concerned with higher brain functions
-It is divided into four lobes.
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
a.PARIETAL LOBE
- is concerned with the
movement, orientation,
recognition, arithmetic,
and perception of
stimuli.
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
a.TEMPORAL LOBE
- is concerned with the
perception and
recognition of auditory
stimulus, memory, and
speech.
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
c. FRONTAL LOBE
- is concerned with
reasoning, planning,
movement, emotions,
and problem solving.
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
d. OCCIPITAL LOBE
- is concerned with
visual processing.
LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

2. CEREBELLUM
-Provides instructions for coordination
of skeletal muscle movements, proper
balance, and posture.
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

3. DIENCEPHALON
-Is the middle part of the brain that
houses four main regions.
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Subthalamus
d. Epithalamus
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN

3. DIENCEPHALON
-Is the middle part of the
brain that houses four
main regions.
a. Thalamus
-concerned with sensory
information and
memory processing
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN
3. DIENCEPHALON
-Is the middle part of the brain that
houses four main regions.
b. Hypothalamus
-concerned with regulation of
body temperature,food
intake, water balance,
thirst, biological rhythms
and emotional response
and drives
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN
3. DIENCEPHALON
-Is the middle part of the brain that
houses four main regions.

c. Subthalamus
-serves as a correction center
for optic impulses
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN
3. DIENCEPHALON
-Is the middle part of the brain that
houses four main regions.

d. Epithalamus
-concerned with regulating
the sleep-wake pattern
(circadian rhythm)
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

4. BRAIN STEM
-Connects the brain and the spinal cord
-It has three main parts
a. Midbrain
b. Pons
c. Medulla
Oblongata
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN

4. BRAIN STEM
-Connects the brain
and the spinal cord
-It has three main
parts
a. Midbrain
-concerned with visual
and auditory
reflexes
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN

4. BRAIN STEM
-Connects the brain and
the spinal cord
-It has three main parts
b. Pons
-concerned with
controlling autonomic
functions, facial
expressions, and sleep
REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN

4. BRAIN STEM
-Connects the brain and
the spinal cord
-It has three main parts
c. Medulla Oblongata
-concerned with
cardiovascular and
respiratory
regulation
The SPINAL CORD
-Contains long, thin masses of
bundled neurons, which carry
information between the brain and
the body.

The white matter

-Acts as the main channel for the
relay of signals from the brain to the
body.

The Grey matter

- Integrates reflexes to the stimuli.
The BRAIN and
SPINAL CORD
(Protection)
1. Bones
(Skull and Vertebral Column)
The BRAIN and
SPINAL CORD
(Protection)
2. Meninges
(sing. meninx)
-are protective coverings
consisting of three layers
(dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater)
The BRAIN and
SPINAL CORD
(Protection)
2. Meninges
a. DURA MATER
- outermost and toughest
layer
The BRAIN and
SPINAL CORD
(Protection)
2. Meninges
b. ARACHNOID MATER
- contains many thin fibers
The BRAIN and
SPINAL CORD
(Protection)
2. Meninges
c. PIA MATER
- thinnest layer that
directly envelopes the
CNS
The BRAIN and SPINAL
CORD (Protection)
3. Cerebrospinal fluid
-serves as a shock absorber that protects
the brain and the spinal cord from
mechanical injury.
-it also allows the CNS to float within it,
thus reducing apparent weight.
-it is sometimes called the CSF, provides
chemical homeostasis of the CNS
REFLEX ARC
STIMULUS
RECEPTOR CELL (reception)
SENSORY NEURONS (conduction)
BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
MOTOR NEURONS( conduction)
EFFECTOR CELLS in muscles and glands
RESPONSE
NERVOUS DISORDERS
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
BELL’S PALSY
CEREBRAL PALSY
NERVOUS DISORDERS
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- A progressive neurological disorder that
results in dementia (impaired memory,
thinking, and reasoning).
NERVOUS DISORDERS
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
- Another progressive disease in which the
cells in the brain that are responsible for
controlling movements begin to die.
NERVOUS DISORDERS
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
- An inherited progressive disease that
causes uncontrollable physical movements
and mental deterioration.
NERVOUS DISORDERS
BELL’S PALY
- A dysfunction of the 7th cranial nerve that
results in the inability to control the facial
muscles.
NERVOUS DISORDERS
CEREBRAL PALSY
- It is caused by a damage to the motor
control centers of the brain during its
development.