WAT

ERR AND
QUALITY
O
EQUIREMENTS FR
LIVESTOCK
ASSIGN ED BY;
PROFESSOR DR. SAIMA

PREPARED BY;
YASER
ARAFAT
PhD
(Scholar)
NTRODUCTION
WHY WATER AVAILABILITY & QUA L ITY EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR
HEALTHY LIVESTOCK?
• ESSENTIAL FOR ALL PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
• RELTIVE TO OTHER NUTRIENTS C O NSUMED IN LARGE
QUANTITIES

CONSEQUENCES OF LIMITED WATER QUANTITY & POOR QUALITY?

• DEPRESS PRODUCTION RAPIDLY
• POOR QUALITY WATER IS A FACT O R LIMITING INTAKE
• CONTAMINANTS IN POOR QUALITY WATER COULD REACH A LEVEL THAT CAN HARM
NTRODUCTION…..
FACTORS AFFECTING WATER REQ U IREMENTS & INTAKE?
• SPECIES & BREED OF LIVESTOCK
• ANIMAL STATUS (Respiratory rate, disease, health, reproductive state etc.)
• ANIMAL PRODUCTION MODE (Feed consumption, performance)
• ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE (Air temp, humidity)

OVERVIEW OF WATER PHYSIOLOGY

• TO SURVIVE---- HAVE TO DRINK EVERY FEW DAYS
• TO PRODUCE---- HAVE TO DRINK EVERY OTHER DAY
• HIGH PRODUCTION STRESS---- PROVISION OF CLEAN & FRESH WATER ALL THE TIME

WATER INTAKE PHYSIOLOGY

• GAINS & LOSSES OF WATER
• GAINS?---- FOOD /FEED associated water, Metabolic water, skin absorbed water)
• LOSSES?--- Feces, urine, respiratory, sweating
• WATER BODY POOL– Taken as 70% of live body weight
• WATER POOL TURN OVER ASSOCIATION--- With body size of body pool instead of body weigh
NTRODUCTION……
METABOLIC RATE & WATER TURN OVER?
• HIGHER IN PRODUCING & YOUNG ANIM ALS
• LOWER IN OLDER & LOW PRODUCING ANIMALS
• PRODUCTION NEEDS (LACTATION) ENCHANCES WATER CONSUMPTION BY 40-60%
• CATTLE HAVING ACCESS TO FRESH WATER WILL CONSUME MORE FORAGE
WATER QUALITY CONCERNS
• ORGANOLEPTIC ATTRIBUTES--- Taste & smell of Water
• PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ---- pH, TDS, Hardness
• CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• TOXIC COMPOUNDS --- Heavy metals, pesticide, herbicide, hydrocarbons
• EXCESS MINERALS --- Nitrates, nitrites, sodium sulphate
• BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS --- Algae, Bacteria, Viruses

WATER SAMPLING & TESTING?

• PERIODIC AS QUALITY OF SOURCE CHANGES OVER TIME --- so don’t rely on previous
reports
• SHOULD BE DONE OFTENLY---- EVEN UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES– every 2
years
EFEECT OF WATER QUALITY ON WATER &
FEED CONSUMPTION
High sulphate levels in water sig n ificantly decreased water intake i
cattle (Weeth and Hunter, 1971; Grout et al., 2006).
Reduction of TDS in water from about 4,400 to 440 mg/L resulted i
increased water intake and feed intake (Challis et al.,1987).
If, water quality affects feed inta ke, reduced feed consumption ma
affect performance (Weeth and Capps, 1972; Loneragan,et al., 2001).
In weanling pigs, offered high TDS and sulphate drinking water, th
intake of water actually increased (Maenz et al., 1994), and no over
metabolic effects were observed.
In horses, low water intake relate d with low water quality may lead t
intestinal impaction & colic.
WATER QUALITY
GUIDELINES
CREM -- CANADIAN COUNCIL FOR R ESOURE & ENVIRONMENT MINIST
• FIRST DEVELOPED GUIDELINES IN 19 87
• REVISE EVERY 10 YEARS
• LAST REVISED IN 2005
• NOW NAMED CCME--- CANADIAN C UNCIL OF MINISTERS FOR THE PROTECION OF
ENVIRONMENT (1999) AVAILABLE O N ; (
http://documents.ccme.ca/download/en/131/)

CME GUIDELINES---- PTO

 MICROBIOLOGICAL
CONT AMINANTS
CYANOBACTERIA
•
(Blue Greed Algae)
Natural toxins from cyanobacteria particularly important for drinking water in livestock
• Hepato-toxins, Cytotoxins, Neurotoxins & Entero-toxins

Grow throughout the year on the surface of fresh water lakes

• But typically prevalent in summer months
• Nitrogen & Phosphorus contamination blooms blue green algae growth (Chambers et al.,
1997)
• Stagnant waters or those with decreased rate of flow may encourage the growth of
cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria in drinking water s o urces are an important health issu

in both humans and animals (Chorus, 2001).
Livestock deaths have been attributed to cyanobacterial
toxin (Puschner et al., 1998).
ROBIOLOGICAL
CONTAMINANTS…..
Heavy cyanobacteria growth does not necessarily mean high levels of
toxin
• The trigger for cyanobacteria to produce toxins is not completely understood
• If the cyanobacteria growth is not of the Microcystis species its not toxic
• Sudden release of toxins when blooms of cyanobacteria dies especially with “ALGAECIDES”
• BUT; If toxins produced--- will remain longer time in water even after the cyanobacteria has
died
BACTERIA, PROTOZOA &
VIRUSES
The risk of contamination is greatest in surface waters (dams, lakes
dugouts, etc) as compared to wat e rs in depth
Now because of agro-industrial activities ground waters have
als become contaminated
Pathogens of greatest concern in water supplies for farm animal
include;
• Enteric bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni
• Other bacterial diseases include Leptospira, Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei, an
Clostridium botulinum.
• Water supplies have been implicated in infections such as Newcastle Disease and Infectiou
Bursitis in poultry (CCREM 1987).
• it is generally recommended that drinking water for livestock should contain less than 10
coliforms/100 mL.
• Of particular importance is the risk of contamination with a specific pathogen E. coli O15 that
is detected in cattle water sources, including ponds, free-flowing water such as stream as
well as water tanks (Faith et al., 1996; Hancock et al., 1998; Shere et al., 1998; Va
Donkersgoed et al., 2001; Renter et al., 2003).
 WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR
HORSES
UNDER PROPER MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS; Horses should have acc
resh / clean water all the time
f consumed without any food, WA T ER IS ABSORBED RAPIDLY
DIETARY CONDITIONS affecting water intakeare complex
polysaccha hat make gel and reduces water ab orption
Dehydration ---- reduction in SALIV RY FLOW------ DRYNESS of mouth
o regulation of water intake
Water requirement is also influenc e d with age;
• Adult horses at maintenance; require a minimum of 2 liters of water per kg of
d

• Young growing horses may require 3 liters per kg of dry food

• An adult horse needs about 5 liters of water per 100 kg of bodyweight for
maint

• Water requirements of growing foal given in table aside

ing horse grazing grass with moist u re content over 70% may not need
rink any water
WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR
POULTRY
 WATER CONTAMINANTS & CONSEQUENCES
IN POULTRY
Balnave and Scott (1986), investigated an egg shell quality problem o
a commercial farm, identified “well water” as a possible cause. Th
water was reported to contain 293 ppm Na, 38 ppm Ca, 155 ppm C
46 ppm SO4, and 49 ppm nitrate .N
In subsequent experiments they found adding low levels of NaCl, KC
CaCl, MgSO4, CuSO4, or NaNO3 tomunicipal drinking water over a 6
wk period substantially increased the incidence of cracked, broken
and soft shells, especially in those groups receiving the Cl ion.
Most of the efforts in the past were devoted to investigation sodium
chloride;
• The effects of salt on eggshell quality reported in the literature are highly variable. Fo
instance, up to 6% dietary NaCl over a 21-d feeding period was not found to significantl
reduce egg specific gravity by Damron and Kelly (1987).
• Adding up to 2,000 ppm NaCl resulted in more than half of the eggs from 80- to 95-wk
old hens showing defective shells (Yoselewitz et al., 1988).
The production of defective shells occurred more rapidly when salin
water was given to 40-wk-old hens than to hens during the first fe
weeks of lay.
But interestingly, saline drinking water in pullets before sexua
maturity appears to have no detrimental effects on subsequen
eggshell quality (Yoselewitz and B alnave, 1989).
A more recent report by Pourreza et al., (1994) showed mixed results
Eggshell thickness was reduced by 2,000 ppm NaCl in drinking wate
but not by 1,000 ppm.
In contrast to other literature reports, visually determined she
defects and egg specific gravity were not adversely affected by NaC
supplementation of layer drinking water (Damron, 1998, Chen an
Balnave, 2001).
The effects of saline water on reproductive performance were studie
by Zhang et al., (1991);

• The incidence of eggs with defective shells doubled in hens receiving the saline drinking wate
at a level of 2 g NaCl/L.

• There was a significantly (twofold) hig er

h incidence of embryonic deaths and a significantly
lower (13%) hatchability of fertile eggs.

• For every 100 eggs laid, the numbers o f settable eggs and chicks hatched were
significantly reduced in hens receiving the saline drinking water.

• The saline water reduced the numbers of hatched chicks by 20%.

• The water treatment given to the cockerels had little effect on reproductive performance
(Zhang et al., 1991).
TUDIES ON OTHER CONTAMINANTS
AL
EXCEPT
T on other contaminants of water are limited.
Studies
In one study, Merkley and Sexton (1982) reported that;

• Fluoride at the level of 100 ppm in the drinking water did not affect reproductiv
performance of either pullets or cockerels

• No effects of fluoride on progeny grow th were noted

 TDS; MAXIMUM TOLERABLE
LIMITS
Recommendations with regard to maximum, tolerable, or
threshol values for poultry water supplies vary substantially.
For instance,
• Reported tolerances for iron may range from 0 to 50 ppm

• For nitrates from 20 to 200 ppm

• For sulphates from 200 to 1000 ppm

• For sodium from 50 to 1000 ppm

WATER NTS FOR
REQUIREME RUMINANTS
MODELING WATER INTAKEBY
RUMINANTS
Referenc
eAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Prairie Far m Rehabilitation Administration (AAFCPFRA). 2002
Algae, Cyanobacteria and Water Quality. Availa le from the AAFCPFRA Water Quality Division.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Prairie Far b Rehabilitation Administration (AAFCPFRA). 2002
Copper Treatments for Dugouts. Available fromm he AAFC-PFRA Water
Quality Division.
Alfaro, E., Neathery, M.W., Miller, W.J., Crowe, C.T.,t Gentry, R.P., Fielding, A.S., Pugh,
D.G. and Blackmon, D.M. 1988. Influence of a w de range of calcium intake on tissue
distribution of macroelements and microeleme n ts in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 71:1295-
1300.
Allison, I. S. 1930. The problem of saline drinking waters. Science 7 1:559.
Ammerman, C. B., Chicco, C. F., Loggins, P. E. an d. Arrington, L. R. 1972. Availability
of different salts of magnesium to sheep. J. Ani . Sci. 34:122.
m
Zmudzki, J., Branton, G.R., Womac, C.W., Rowe, L.D. and Wagner, B. 1986. Lactose
and milk replacer influence on lead absorption nd lead toxicity in calves. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 36:356-363. a
THANK
S