

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
Earthwork includes:
 1. Excavation
 2. Grading: Moving earth to change elevation
 3. Temporary shoring
 4. Back fill or fill: Adding earth to raise grade
 5. Compaction: Increasing density
 6. Disposal

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
A. Job conditions
 Material type
 Water level and moisture content
 Job size
 Length of haul
 Haul road condition (accessibility and load
restrictions)

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 

B. Management conditions
 Equipment conditions and maintenance
practices
 Skills of work force and management
 Planning, supervision and coordination of
work.

Prof Awad S. Hanna




Management Condit ions*

J ob Condit ions** Excellent Good Fair Poor
Excellent 0 .8 4 0 .8 1 0 .76 0 .70
Good 0 .78 0 .75 0 .71 0 .6 5
Fair 0 .72 0 .6 9 0 .6 5 0 .6 0
Poor 0 .6 3 0 .6 1 0 .57 0 .52

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
 Cubic Yard (bank, loose, or compacted)

Bank (BCY): Mat erials in it s nat ural

st at e before dist urbance
(in-place, in-sit u)
Loos e (LCY): Mat erial t hat has been
compact ed or dist urbed
or loaded
Compact ed (CCY): Mat erial aft er compact ion

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 1.0 CUBIC 1.25 CUBIC 0.90 CUBIC
YARD IN YARD AFTER YARD AFTER
NATURAL DIGGING COMPACTED
CONDITION (LOOSE (COMPACTED
(IN-PLACE YARDS) YARDS)
YARD)

1.25

1.0
0.90

In place Loose Compacted

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
Bank: VB
 Bank cubic yards (BCY)
 Density B Lb /BCY

Loose: Vl
 Loose cubic yards (LCY)
 Density L Lb/LCY

Compacted: Vc
 Compacted cubic yards (CCY)
 Density C LB/CCY

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Swell:
A soil increase in volume when it is excavated.
Bank density
Swell (%) = ( Loose density - 1) x 100

Loose density
Load factor = Bank density

Bank Volume = Loose volume x Load factor

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Shrinkage:
A soil decreases in volume when it is compacted
Shrinkage (%) = (1 - ) x 100
Bank density
Shrinkage factor = 1 -Compacted
Shrinkage density
Compacted volume
= Bank volume x Shrinkage factor

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
Loose Bank Swell Load
Mat erial (lb/cy) (lb/cy) (%) Fact or
Clay, dry 2,10 0 2,6 50 26 0 .79
Clay, wet 2,70 0 3,575 32 0 .76
Clay and gravel, dry 2,40 0 2,8 0 0 17 0 .8 5
Clay and gravel, wet 2,6 0 0 3,10 0 17 0 .8 5
Eart h, dry 2,215 2,8 50 29 0 .78
Eart h, moist 2,410 3,0 8 0 28 0 .78
Eart h, wet 2,750 3,38 0 23 0 .8 1
Gravel, wet 2,78 0 3,140 13 0 .8 8
Gravel, dry 3,0 90 3,6 20 17 0 .8 5
Sand, dry 2,6 0 0 2,920 12 0 .8 9
Sand, wet 3,10 0 3,520 13 0 .8 8
Sand and gravel, dry 2,90 0 3,250 12 0 .8 9
Sand and gravel, wet 3,40 0 3,750 10 0 .91
 Exact values will vary with grain size, moisture content, compaction, etc. Test to
determine exact values for specific soils.
Prof Awad S. Hanna
 
Init ial Convrt ed t o:
S oil Type S oil Condit ion Bank Loos e Compact ed
Clay Bank 1.0 0 1.27 0 .90
Loose 0 .79 1.0 0 0 .71
Compact ed 1.11 1.41 1.0 0
Common eart h Bank 1.0 0 1.25 0 .90
Loose 0 .8 0 1.0 0 0 .72
Compact ed 1.11 1.39 1.0 0
Rock (blast ed) Bank 1.0 0 1.50 1.30
Loose 0 .6 7 1.0 0 0 .8 7
Compact ed 0 .77 1.15 1.0 0
Sand Bank 1.0 0 1.12 0 .95
Loose 0 .8 9 1.0 0 0 .8 5
Compact ed 1.0 5 1.18 1.0 0

Prof Awad S. Hanna




2’-0”
or more Angle of Repose
Prof Awad S. Hanna
 
For Sloping Sides of Excavation

ls
oi
eS
s

g
vel

ra
g. ve
De Gra

De or A
)
(63 ular
g.)

(4 pe f
d
an
Solid Rock, Slate or Cemented Sand and Gravel

1 : Sl o
Sa n

g
S

5
rp . )

1/2 d An
a ose

ed
Sh Deg Lo .)

1
d
d

en
d

e
e

:1
ct 33 de eg

act
oun 26 D

m
pa :1 (

m
mp
m ll R (
Co 1 1/2

co
Original We 2:1

Re
Co
Ground Line
(90 Deg.)

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
1.End Area Method
2.Contour Line/ Grid Method

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
 Used in sites where length is much greater
than width

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
1. End Area Method
a. Take cross-sections at regular intervals,
typically, 100’ intervals.
b. Calculate the cross-section end areas
c. The volume of earthwork between sections is
obtained by taking the average of the end areas at
each station in square feet multiplied by the
distance between sections in feet and dividing by
27 to obtain the volume in cubic yards.

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
A’ B’ C’ D’ E’ F’

78

80

86

88
84
82

82
80

300'
84
l
Fil t

86
Cu

88
A B C D E F
100' 100' 100' 100' 100'
500'

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 80

78.5
Sec. A’- A 78

76
82

Sec. B’- B 80.3

80
Project Cross Sections

78
84

Sec. C’- C 82.3

82

80
86

Sec. D’- D 84.2

84

88

Sec. E’- E 86.2

86

90

Sec. F’- F 88.2

88

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
80
107 x 1.0
Area = = 53.5 79.5
2
79

78.5

78

77
193 x 1.8
76.7 Area = = 173.7
2

76
Section A’- A

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
82
90 x 1.5 81.8
Area = = 67.5
2
81

80.3
80

79
210 x 1.8
76.7 Area = = 189.0
2

78
Section B’- B

Prof Awad S. Hanna



Sect ion Emb (CCY) Exc. (BCY) Exc. x B/C Net Exc. Cum Exc
(CCY) (CCY) (CCY)
A-B 6 72 224 254 - 418 - 418
B-C 56 7 441 49 9 - 68 - 48 6
C-D 215 79 1 8 96 681 19 5
D-E 0 10 31 116 7 116 7 136 2
E-F 0 1222 138 4 138 4 2746

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
 Used for parking lots and site “leveling”
 Grid size from 10’x10’ to 50’x50’
 the greater the terrain variance the smaller
the grid

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 
Step l
Determine by visual study of the site drawing if the net total will be
an import (more fill required than cut) an export (less fill required
than cut) or a blend (cut and fill about equal)
Step 2
Determine the pattern of calculation points or grid size.
Step 3
Determine elevations at each calculation location, the corners of
each grid.
Step 4
Calculate the cubic yards of cut or fill required in each grid cell.
Step 5
Add the individual Grid Cell quantities together to arrive at the total
cut, total fill volume and the import or volume export yardage
required for the job.
Prof Awad S. Hanna
A B C D E F G
300’
88’ 89’ 90’ 91’ 92’ 93’ 94’

87.6 88.5 89.3 90.3 91.5 95.0

A B C D E F
87.6 88.6 89.4 90.4 91.6 93.2 94.3

G H J K L M
87.4 88.2 89.5 90.6 91.6 92.7 93.5

N O P Q R S
87.2 87.7 89.0 90.4 91.3 92.0 93.1

Notes:
1. Bring the entire site to elevation 90.
No Scale 2. All grids are 50’x 50’ = 2500 sq. ft.
3. Present contours

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 Purpose
Grade the entire site to grade 90’
90'

Need Need

150'
Fill Cut

300'
 Quick and Dirty
Assume one grid
90' 91'
Existing 90.50
Proposed 90.00 90.5'

Cut 0.50
Total Cost = 150= x833CY
300 x 0.50
27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
If we choose the grid size to be 50’x50’

Average elevation 88.6

87.6
87.6+88.5+87.6+88.6
=
4
= 88.08
change = 90-88.08 87.6 87.6

= 1.92
cut =
= 177.77 CY
and so on.

Prof Awad S. Hanna