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Ika Yustisia
Departemen Biokimia FK UNHAS
Email: ikayustisia@gmail.com
Outline and objectives
• Definition
• Nomenclature and classfication
• Mechanism of action
• Enzyme kinetics
• Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Introduction to isoenzymes and ribozymes
• Regulation of enzyme activity
• Enzymes in clinical diagnosis
Definition
The enzymes ‐- the catalysts of biological systems
Catalyst is essential to make most critical biochemical reactions
proceed at useful rates under physiological conditions
• Participate in the breakdown of nutrients to
supply energy and chemical building blocks
• The assembly of those building blocks into
proteins, DNA, membranes, cells, and tissues
• The harnessing of energy to power cell motility,
neural function, and muscle contraction.
Definition
The enzymes ‐- the catalysts of biological systems
• About a quarter of the genes in the human
genome encode enzymes
• The most striking characteristics of enzymes are
their catalytic power and specificity.
• The enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one
or more compounds (substrates) into one or
more different compounds (products) generally
enhance the rates of the corresponding non-‐
catalyzed reaction by factors of 106 or more.
Definition
Definition
Carbonic Anhydrases Make a Fast Reaction Faster
Definition
Cofactor
Prosthetic group : very tightly or even covalently bound to
enzyme
Coenzymes
√ Many enzymes use ions or small bound molecules
called cofactors or coenzymes to aid in catalysis
Prostethic group
Cofactor
Metal ions as cofactors
Mechanism of action
Enzymes lower a
reaction’s activation
energy
All chemical reactions
have an energy
barrier, called the
activation energy,
separating the
reactants and the
products.
Activation energy:
amount of energy
needed to disrupt
stable molecule so
Mechanism of action
• Enzymes bind substrates to their active site
and stabilize the transition state of the reaction.
• The active site of the enzyme is the place where the
substrate binds and at which catalysis occurs.
• The active site binds the substrate, forming
an enzyme-‐substrate (ES) complex.
Binding site
Active site
Catalytic site
Mechanism of action
Mechanism of action
Some competitive
inhibitors are used
to treat human
disease.
Introduction to isoenzymes and ribozymes
Isoenzymes
Isoenzymes or isozymes are multiple forms of
same enzyme that catalyze the same chemical
reaction
Different chemical and physical properties:
• Amino acid sequence
• Amino acid composition
• Kinetic properties
• Electrophoretic mobility
Isoenzymes - example
LDH isoenzymes
Introduction to isoenzymes and ribozymes
Riboenzymes
• Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are
capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the
action of protein enzyme
• The functional part of the ribosom
• Composed of RNA tertiary structural motifs that are often
coordinated to metal ions such as Mg2+ as cofactors
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric binding sites: allosteric enzymes are
regulated by molecules called effectors (modifiers) that
binds nonconvalently at a site other than the active
site.
By covalent modification: many enzymes are
regulated by covalent modification, most frequently by
the addition or removal of ‘phosphate’ group to serine,
threonine or tyrosine residue of the enzyme by kinases.
(enzyme)
Induction and repression of enzyme sysnthesis: cells
can also regulate the amount of enzymes present by
altering the rate of enzyme synthesis.
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Zymogen cleavage: some enzyme are synthesized as
inactive precursor, called zymogens, that are activated by
proteolysis (e.g., digestive enzyme, pepsinogen is inactive
and cleaved to pepsin which is active chymotrypsin)
Location within the cell: many enzymes are localized in
s p e c i fi c o rga ne lles w it hin the c ell. This,
compartmentation helps in the regulation of the
metabolic pathway.
Enzymes in clinical diagnosis
• An enzyme test is a blood test or urine test
that measures levels of certain enzymes to
assess how well the body’s systems are
functioning and whether there has been
any tissue damage.
Principal Serum Enzymes Used in Clinical Diagnosis.
Note: Many of the enzymes are not specific for the disease listed.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Dean R. Appling DR, Anthony-Cahill SJ, Mathews CK. (2016).
Biochemistry concepts and connection. Essex: Pearson
2. Devlin TM ed. (2006). Texbook of biochemistry with clinical
correlation 6th ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Liss
3. Koolman J, Roehm KH. (2005). Color atlas of biochemistry 2nd
ed. Stuttgart: Thieme
4. Nelson DL, Cox MM. (2013). Lehninger principles of
biochemistry 6th ed. New York: WH Freeman
5. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto GJ, Stryer L. (2015).
Biochemistry 8th ed. New York: WH Freeman
6. Animasi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yk14dOOvwMk