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Topic
Application of Trigonometry

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3 product-to-sum formulas
product-to-sum
   formulas come from following sine and cosine of A ± B.

Sine and Cosine of a Sum

4 Continue…
 If you subtract the two cosine formulas instead of adding:
cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
−cos(A + B) = −cos A cos B + sin A sin B
you get
cos(A − B) − cos(A + B) = 2 sin A sin B
½ [cos(A−B)  −  cos(A + B)] = sin A sin B
 To get the other two product-to sum formulas, add the two sine formulas from , or
subtract them. Here are all four formulas together:
 cos A cos B = ½ cos(A − B) + ½ cos(A + B)
 sin A sin B = ½ cos(A − B) − ½ cos(A + B)
 sin A cos B = ½ sin(A + B) + ½ sin(A − B)
 cos A sin B = ½ sin(A + B) − ½ sin(A − B)
5 Summary…

Product to Sum and difference:

(1)
6 Sum and difference to Product
 There are also formulas that combine a sum or difference into a product. Heon Joon Choi,
a physics student from Cornell, has kindly told me of an application: “superposing two
waves and trying to figure out the nodes is much easier if they are multiplied, rather than
added.” This makes sense: solving most equations is easier once you’ve factored them. The
sum-to-product formulas are also used to prove the Law of Tangents, though that itself is
no longer used in solving triangles.
7 Continue…
Here’s how to get the sum and difference-to-product formulas. First make these definitions:
A = ½(u + v), and B = ½(u − v)
Then you can see that
A + B = u, and A − B = v
Now make those substitutions in all four formulas of equation (1), and after simplifying you will
have the sum-to-product formulas:

(2)
 Outlines
SLO 9.1:
8
Solution of Triangles

 Solve a right-angled triangle when measures of:

i. two sides are given
ii. one side and one angle are given
 Describe oblique triangle
 prove that:
i. the law of cosines
ii. the law of sines
iii. the law of tangents
and deduce respective half angle formulae
 apply the above laws to solve problems related to oblique triangles
 SLO#9.2:
9 Area of Triangle

 Derive the formulae for the area of a triangle when

 i. measures of two sides and their included angle are given
 ii. measures of one side and two angles are given
 iii. measures of three sides are given (Heron’s formula)
 Use the above formulae to find the area of a triangle;
10 SLO 9.3:
Circles connected with figures

 Illustrate circum-circle, in-circle and escribed-circle

 Derive the formula for:
 i. circum-radius
 ii. in-radius
 iii. escribed-radii
 Use the above formula to find the circum-radius, in-radius and
escribed radii
 Apply the above formulae to deduce different identities;
 Solve a right-angled triangle when measures of:
i. two sides are given
11 ii. one side and one angle are given

Problem#1 .  Given two sides of a right triangle.   Solve the right triangle ABC
given that side c = 25 cm and side b = 24 cm.

Solution.  To find the remaining side a, use the Pythagorean theorem:

𝑎2 + 242 = 252
𝑎2 = 625 − 576 = 49
a= = 7.
Next, to find angle A, we have
24 96
cos A = 25 = 100 ,

on multiplying each term by 4;

= .96
Therefore,
Angle A 16°.
Finally,
Angle B = 90° − 16° = 74°.
We have solved the triangle
12 Problem 2. Solve the right triangle ABC given that c = 10 cm and b = 8 cm.

To find the remaining side a, use the

Pythagorean theorem:
a2 + 82 = 102
a2 = 100 − 64 = 36
a= = 6 cm.
To find angle A, we have
8
cos A = = .8.
10
Therefore, Angle A 37°. Angle B = 90° − 37° = 53°.
 Problem 3. Given an acute angle and one side. Solve the right triangle
13 ABC if angle A is 36°, and side c is 10 cm.

Solution. Since angle A is 36°, then angle B is 90° − 36° = 54°.

To find an unknown side, say a, proceed as follows:
1. the k nown side the denominator.
Unknown a
=
Known 10
2. Name that function of the angle.
a
= sin 36°
10
sin 36° = .588
3. Solve for the unknown side.
a = 10 × .588 cm = 5.88 cm
3. Solve for the unknown side.

𝑏
10
= cos 36° = .809, b = 10 × .809 = 8.09 cm
14 Oblique Triangle

An oblique triangle is a triangle with no right angle. An oblique triangle

has either three acute angles, or one obtuse angle and two acute angles.
In any case, as in any triangle, the sum of all three angles is equal to 180
degrees.

or
An Oblique triangle is a non-right triangle, meaning it is either an acute or obtuse
triangle.
 Prove that:
15 i. the law of cosines
ii. the law of sines
iii. the law of tangents
16 Derivation of Cosines Law
The following are the formulas for cosine law for any triangles with sides
a,b,c and angles A,B,C , respectively
17  1. Prove that
.
18   Prove that
2.
19 3.
  Prove that
Derivation:
Consider the triangle to the right:
Cosine function for triangle CDA

𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥
cos 𝐶 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶
Pythagorean theorem for triangle CDA
𝑥 2 + ℎ2 = 𝑏 2
ℎ2 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑥 2
Pythagorean theorem for triangle BDA
ሺ𝑎 − 𝑥 ሻ2 + ℎ2 = 𝑐 2
Substitute ℎ2 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑥 2
ሺ𝑎 − 𝑥 ሻ2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑏 2
𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑐 2
𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
substitute 𝑥 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑎 2 − 2 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Rearrange: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
20 Law of Sines

Proof:
 
 
21
22 Prove Law of Tangents
23
24 Continue…
25 Half angle formulae in terms of sides
26
27
 Solution of Oblique Triangles…
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 .
29

.
30

.
31 Continue…
32
33
34 Exercise 12.4
35 Exercise 12.5
36 Exercise 12.6
37 Area of Oblique Triangle
 CASE#1: Area of triangle in terms of the measures of two sides and their included angle
With usual notations, prove that:

1 1 1
Area of Triangle ABC  bc sin   ac sin   ab sin 
2 2 2
 Continue…
   Consider three different kinds of triangle ABC with as
Proof:
38 I. Acute II. Obtuse and III. Right
From A draw . A
A  
 

B C B
D C D
Fig (I) Fig (II)

B C(D)
Fig (III)
 Continue…
In figure
  (I) ,
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In figure (II),
In figure (III), as we know

Therefore ,

As we know that ,

Similarly , we can prove that :

 CASE#2: Area of triangle in terms of the measures of one side and two angles

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In a  triangle ,With usual notations, prove that:
Area of
Proof: By the law of sines, we know that:

Selecting first and third , 2nd and third ratios:

and
We know that area of triangle ABC is

In a similar way , we can prove that:

 CASE#3: Area of triangle in terms of the measures of its sides
Derivation of Heron's / Hero's Formula for Area of Triangle

41 For  a triangle of given three sides, say a, b, and c, the formula for the area is given by
 Area of
where s is the semi perimeter equal to
 Continue…

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 Continue…
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