THE MUSLIM RULE IN

SUBCONTINENT & ITS

DOWNFALL 712-1857
BY MISS BUSHRA MANSOOR (PMS)
 CONDITIONS OF SUBCONTINENT AT
THE ARRIVAL OF ISLAM

• RELIGIOUS- HINDUISM V/S BUDDHISM

• SOCIAL- SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• POLITICAL- DISUNITY AND INFLUENCE OF CLERGY CLASS
• ECONOMIC- UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
 MUSLIM CONQUEST OF SINDH 712 AD
• MUHMMAD BIN QASIM ( GENERAL OF UMMAYAD DYNASTY)
ATTACKED SINDH IN 712 AD
• CAUSES OF ATTACK
• RELIGIOUS- EXPANSION OF ISLAM
• ECONOMIC-IMPORTANT SEA ROUTE, RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES
• POLITICAL AND SOCIAL- DUE TO INTERNAL FEUDS IN MUSLIM EMPIRE
THE ARAB WANTED TO LOOK TOWARDS EASTERN SIDE, RIVALRY OF
RAJA DAHIR, THE LAST HINDU RULER OF SINDH- BATTLE OF AROR
MAP
 REASONS OF MUSLIM SUCCESS
• SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNIQUES- ARABS ARE BORN WARRIORS
• DISUNITY AMONG HINDU RULERS
• SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• POOR CONDITION OF SAMANIS
• DEATH OF RAJA DAHIR AND FALL OF BRAHAMANABAD
• RELIGIOUS ZEAL OF MUSLIMS
 A SHORT LIVED VICTORY
• DEATH OF MBQ IN 715 AD
• ISLAM WAS INTRODUCED IN SUBCONTINENT
• THE GOVERNANCE WAS LEFT UPON THE LOCALS WITH CERTAIN
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
• Stanley Lane Poole, “the Arab conquest of Sind is an episode in the
history of India and of Islam, a triumph without result”. 
• YOUR OPINION?
 SULTAN MAHMOOD GHAZNAVI
• HE WAS SON OF SULTAN SUBAKTAGEEN
• MEMBER OF GHAZNAVI TRIBE (TURKEY)
• RULED FROM 997 AD TO 1030 AD
• ATTACKED SUBCONTINENT FOR 17 TIMES
• DEMOLISHED THE TEMPLE OF SOMNATH (1027 AD)
• BUT HE FAILED TO ESTABLISH PERMANENT MUSLIM DYNASTY IN
INDIA
 MUHAMMAD GHORI
• HE WAS FROM GHORI TRIBE ( AFGHANISTAN)
• RULED FROM 1150 AD TO 1206 AD
• HAD NO SON
• CONSIDERD ALL HIS SLAVES AS HIS SON- FREED AND EDUCATED 40
SLAVES
• QUTUB UD DIN AIBAK (A SLAVE)- FIRST SULTAN OF INDIAN
SUCONTINENT
 MAMLUK DYNASTY 1206-1290 AD
• START OF DELHI SULTANATE
• RULERS:
• QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK
• ARAM SHAH
• ILTUTMISH/ALTAMASH
• RAZIA SULTANA
• MUIZ UD DIN BEHRAM
• ALAUDDIN MASOOD
• NASEER UD DIN MAHMOOD
• GHAYAS UD DIN BALBAN
• QAIQABAD
 KHILJI DYNASTY 1290-1390 AD
• FOUNDED BY JALAL UD DIN FIROUZ KHILJI (AFGHANSITAN)
• RULERS:
• JALAL UD DIN FIROUZ KHILJI
• ALLAUDIN KHILJI
• QUTUB UD DIN MUBARAK SHAH
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY 1390-1415
• FOUNDED BY GHAYAS UD DIN TUGHLAQ
• RULERS:
• GHAYAS UD DIN TUGHLAQ
• MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ
• FIROUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ
 SYED DYNASTY 1415-1451
• FOUNDED BY KHIZAR KHAN
• SHORT LIVED
• RULERS:
• KHIZAR KHAN
• MUBARAK SHAH
 LODHI DYNASTY 1451-1526
• FOUNDED BY BAHLUL KHAN LODHI
• RULERS:
• BAHLUL KHAN LODHI
• SIKANDAR LODHI
• IBRAHIM LODHI
• FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT BETWEEN BABUR AND IBRAHIM LODHI
OVERVIEW OF DELHI SULTANATE 1206-
1526
 MUGHAL DYNASTY 1526-1857
• FOUNDED BY ZAHEER UD DIN BABAR
• RULERS:
• BABAR
• HUMAYUN
• AKBAR
• JAHANGIR
• SHAH JAHAN
• AURANGZEB
• LATER MUGHALS
• LAST MUGHAL RULER (BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR II)
• WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857
OVERVIEW OF THE MUGHAL
DYNASTY
 REASONS OF DOWNFALL
• POLITICAL:
• WEAK SUCCESSORS/ABSENCE OF DEFINITE LAW OF SUCCESSION
• FEUDALISM & ROLE OF NAWABS/MANSABDARS
• WEAK ARMY
• INTERNAL FEUDS AMONG HEIRS
• ROLE OF MARHATAS/SIKHS ETC
• ECONOMIC
• TAXATION SYSTEM OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
• DEINDUSTRIALIZATION OF INDIA
• LAVISH LIFE STYLE OF THE RULERS LED TO BANKRUPTCY
• PENSION SYSTEM OF THE BRITISH
• DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
• SOCIAL
• DISUNITY AMONG PEOPLE
• AMALGAMENT OF VARIOUS CULTURES LED TO CONFUSION & CHAOS
IN THE SOCIETY
• SOCIAL DEGENERATION
 PAST PAPER QUESTIONS
• BRIEFLY DECRIBE THE EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SOCIETY IN THE
SUBCONTINENT ( CSS 2002)
• ANALYZE THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEGENERATION OF
MUSLIM SOCIETY IN THE SUBCONTINENT IN 18TH CENTURY. (CSS 2004)
• SUMMARIZE THE POLITICAL SCENE OF THE SUBCONTINENT AT THE
OPENING 0F 18TH CENTURY. (CSS 2005)
• Trace the history of the Muslim conquests of present day Pakistan areas
highlighting their contributions in transforming the society and culture. (
CSS 2013)
• (REST WILL BE COMIPLED AND SOLVED BY STUDENTS)