SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

Applications of 1st order Ode's:

Mathematical modeling & application:

By the term mathematical modeling we mean the

process whereby the behavior of a real – life system
or phenomenon, whether physical, sociological, or
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

even economics is described by a set of

mathematical relations, after approximation and
idealizations. Construction of mathematical model
starts with

i) Identification of the system we are modeling. This

requires selection of some variables as important to
understanding or describing the behavior of the
system and ignoring other as marginal or irrelevant
to this understanding.
 ii) Making some realistic assumption, or hypothesis,
About the system we are describing. These
assumptions will also include any empirical laws that may
be applicable
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

of the system.

iii) Modeling steps are the steps that lead from the physical
situation to a mathematical formulation and solution, then
physical interpretation of the result. In this section we solve a
model that are described by linear first order differential
equations.
 Series Circuit:
R.L. circuit:
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

“The voltage drop E R across a resistor is proportional to the

instantaneous current I”, i.e.
ER  IR (Ohm’s law)
Where the constant of proportionality R is called
the resistance of the resistor. The current I is measured
in amperes, the resistor R in ohms, and the voltage E R in volts.
“The voltage drop E L across an inductor is proportional to The
instantaneous time rate of change of the current I”,
dI
 EL  L
dt
Where the constant of proportionality L is called the inductance of
the inductor and is measured in “Henry”, time t is measured in
seconds. The “emf” however provides a voltage of E., (i.e. voltage
drop of –E).
Thus by Kirchhoff’s voltage law
“The algebraic sum of all the voltage drops around a closed
circuit is zero”
The voltage impressed on a closed loop is equal to the sum of the
voltage drop in the rest of the loop.
 EL  ER  E  0
  EL  ER  E
dI
 L  IR  E …………..(1)
dt
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

Where E is the electromotive force which is usually a battery or

generator.
Eq (1) is linear in I.
Eq (1) can be rewritten as.
dI IR E
  
dt L L
R R
I.F. =
 dt t
e L
 e L ……………(2)
 Multiplying eq (2) by the I.F. we get.

d  R
t  E
R
t
  Ie 
L
 e L
……………(3)
dt  
 L
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

Integrating eq (3) we get.

R
t E RL t
 Ie L
  L e dt  C
R
E RL t
R
 t  t
 I (t )  e L
L e dt  Ce L
………..(4)

Case 1: If
E (t )  E0
i.e. if electromotive force is constant then eq (4) takes the
following form.
 R
 t E 0 RL t R
 t
 I (t )  e L
L e dt  Ce L

R
 t E0 RL t R
 t

L
 I (t )  e L
e dt  Ce L
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

R
R t R
 t E0 e L  t
 I (t )  e L
 Ce L
L R
L
R
E0  t
 I (t )   Ce L ……………..(5)
R
Now as t   the second term on the R.H.S. of the eq (5)
tends to zero. Such a term is called transient current and the
remaining term is called the steady state part of the solution.
In this case E0 is called the steady state current.
R
 Case 2:
when the electromotive force is periodic i.e.
E (t )  E0 sin t
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

Using this value of E(t) into eq (4) we get,

R R R
E0
 t t  t
 I (t )  e  L
sin t e L dt  Ce L
L
R R R
 t E t  t
 I (t )  e L 0  sin t e L dt  Ce L
L
R R
 t E  t
 I (t )  e L 0 I 1  Ce L
L
Where
R
t
 I1 (t )   sin t e L
dt
 Now solving I1 and substituting this value of into eq (6), we get the
solution.

R.C.circuit:
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

…………(1)
 ER  IR

“The voltage drop Ec across a capacitor is proportional

to the instantaneous electric change on the capacitor”,
 1 …………(2)
 Ec  Q
c
Where “c” is called the capacitance and
is measured in farads, the charge Q is
measured in columbs.
dQ
 I (t ) 
dt
Integrating above equation we get

 Q   I (t )dt  C ………..(3)

Using eq (3) in eq (2)

1 ………..(4)
 Ec 
c  I (t )dt
According to Kirchhoff’s voltage
law,
 Ec  E R  E  0
…………(5)

Using eq (4) & eq (1) in eq (5)

1
 IR 
c  I (t )dt  E ………….(6)

Differentiating eq (5) w.r.t “t” gives

dI 1 dE
 R  I (t ) 
dt c dt

dI 1 1 dE
  I  …………(7)
dt Rc R dt
Case 1: If

E (t )  E0
Then, dE
 0
dt

Then eq (7) takes the form

dI 1
  I  0
dt Rc

dI 1
   I …………..(8)
dt Rc
Separating the variables from eq (8)
dI 1
   dt
I Rc

Integrating eq (8)
1
 ln I   t  ln c
Rc

  Rct 
 ln I  ln ce 
 

t

 I  ce Rc
Case 2: If the electromotive force is periodic i.e.

E (t )  E0 sin t
dE
  E0 cos t …………(9)
dt
Using eq (9) into eq (7)

dI 1 1
  I  Eo cos t ……….(10)
dt Rc R
Eq (9) is a 1st order linear equation
1 1
I.F. =  dt t
e Rc
 e Rc

Multiplying eq (10) by the I.F. we get.

1 1
d t 1 Rc t
 ( Ie )
Rc
 e  Eo cos t ………..(11)
dt R
Integrating eq (11) we get
1 1
t 1 Rc t
 Ie Rc
  R e  Eo cos t dt  c
1
t E o Rc1 t ………(12)
 Ie Rc

R  e cos t dt  c

Eq (12) can be rewritten as

1
t E o ……….(13)
 Ie Rc
 I2  c
R
1
t
Where, I2  e Rc
cos t dt

Solving I 2 and using the solution of I 2 into eq

t
(13) & then dividing the eq (13) by Rc, we get
e
the solution
 HOME WORK EXERCISES
SERIES CIRCUITS Chapter 3

A first course in Differential Equations By D. Zill [7th Edition]

Exercise # 3.
29, 30, 31, 32