GEOMATIC

Mr. Víctor Pedro Salinas A.

APPLIED TECHNICAL ENGLISH TEACHER
 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS

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 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS 03 MAIN COMPONENTS
IMAGE ACQUISITION
a. FLIGHT PLANNING. The number of flight lines, their location,
the spacing between them, and their orientation depends on the
characteristics of the project to be mapped and on the
specifications of the flight mission. Specifications which outline
how to take the photos, including camera and film requirements,
scale, flying heights, end lap, side lap, tilt and crab tolerances,
etc.

b. SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE CAMERA SYSTEM. The

camera is one of the most important types of equipment used in
the photogrammetric process as it is the data in which all
photogrammetric principles will be applied to. The camera
should produce distortion free images in rapid successions in a
moving aircraft.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS
a. AERIAL FILMS. The image must be recorded on stable film in
order to avoid shrinkage or expansion. If the film does change it
will result in measurement errors with less accuracy achieved.
Aerial film size is usually 23x23 cm each.

b. IMAGE SCANNING. Photographs can be scanned into a digital

format that can be imported into digital image processing
software. Specialized scanners are used. These scanners preserve
radiometric and geometric integrity of the scanned image.

c. DIGITAL CAMERAS. Recently digital cameras are used,

therefore the data (photograph) is already in a digital format
hence there is no need for the specialized scanner.

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 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS 03 MAIN COMPONENTS
IMAGE CONTROL
This component is important because it is the control that is used to
establish the position and orientation of the camera at the moment of
exposure. Photo Mosaics require no control, Rectified aerial control
requires partial control; Mapping and Orthophotography requires full
control information. Photographs can be controlled using three
different methods:
• Ground control points which are surveyed by normal survey
methods
• Bridging control through aerial triangulation. This is done by
computing on the photographs common points that appear in
three successive photographs or in two adjacent strips and
computing their 3 dimensional coordinate values.
• Aerial photography control by kinematic GPS measurements, this
will give the position and elevation of the camera without the use
of ground control.

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 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS 03 MAIN COMPONENTS
a. Locations for ground control and selecting which type of
targeting to be used
• There are two main types of ground control, targeted and photo
identifiable control points.
• Targeting is an integral part of photogrammetric mapping and
should be carefully considered. When targets are positioned, it
should not be affected by shadows. The targets should preferably
be symmetrical in shape and an adequate size. Being able to
easily identify the targets on a clear image enhances the accuracy
and efficiency of the photogrammetric process.

b. Field Surveying the control points. Photogrammetric control is

usually fixed by traditional survey methods. Control should be
spread out widely, thus making the GPS the most effective
survey method for establishing photogrammetric control.

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 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS 03 MAIN COMPONENTS
c. Aerial Triangulation. This is the process of calculating the Y, X
and Z of ground coordinates on specific point from
measurements on a photograph. Aerial Triangulation can also be
linked with bridging.

d. Aerial Triangulation provides necessary control for the stereo

model using a limited amount of surveyed control points. It also
provides consistency checks for field surveyed control points.

e. In the future, this component could be eliminated when advanced

GPS technology will be able to solve the photo orientation
problem without needing ground control. Ground control is only
used to recover the position and orientation of the photograph at
its moment of exposure. Replacing the need for ground control
reduces the number of field surveyed control points and in return
minimizing time and costs in the photogrammetric process.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
PROCESS 03 MAIN COMPONENTS

PRODUCT COMPILATION

a. The product compilation varies and is dependent on the nature of

the final product.
b. Each of these components requires the utilization of different
equipment, different measurement techniques, and different data
processing. The most commonly used photogrammetric
instrument is the stereo plotter. Its main purpose is to reconstruct
the original orientation and the geometric integrity of an image at
the moment of exposure and to collect three-dimensional data.
c. The table below shows the differences between the various types
of photogrammetric stereo plotter.

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 THANK YOU

Mr. Víctor Pedro Salinas

English Teacher