Data Collection, Processing,

Analysis and Reporting

Dr. Selim Ahmed

 What is Data Collection?
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Data collection is a term used to describe a

process of Systematic gathering of data for a
particular purpose from various sources, that has
been systematically observed, recorded,
organized
 PURPOSE OF DATA
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COLLECTION
To obtain information

To keep on record

To make decisions about important

issues,

To pass information on to others

For research study

 Factors to be Considered Before Collection of Data
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Nature , scope & Objective of the

enquiry

Sources of information

Availability of fund

Techniques of data collection

 TYPE OF DATA
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Qualitative Quantitative

Deals with

descriptions. Data can be

Deals with
numbers.
observed Data can not
Data which can
measured be
measured.
e.g. –Colour of body
coat, feather colour in
poultry etc e.g. –height
 Sources of Data
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External sources Internal sources

Primary data
Secondary data

Example: Example:
Documents Creative Unpublished thesis
works Interviews and dissertations
Man-made materials Manuscript
Surveys Books
Journals
 PRIMARY DATA
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Data that has been collected from first-hand-

experience is known as primary data

Primary data has not been published yet and is

more reliable, authentic and objective

Primary data has not been changed or altered

by human beings, therefore its validity is greater
than secondary data
 Merits Demerits
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Targeted issued are Evaluated cost

addressed

Data interpretation is better Time consuming

High accuracy of data More number of resources

are required

Address as specific research Inaccurate feedback

issues

Greater control Required lot of skill with

labour
 Factor effect method of Data collection
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1. Type of research subject

2. Purpose of research study

3. Size of study sample

4. Distribution of target population

5. Time frame of the study

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Observation-: is a methodical way of

recognising & noting a fact of occurrence

TYPE OF OBSERVATION

STRUCTURED
UNSTRUCTURED
PARTICIPATIVE
NON –PARTICIPATIVE
CONTROLLED
UNCONTROLLED
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Merits Demerits
Time consuming
Subject bias eliminated

Expensive
Information related to
current state of affairs Limited amount of
information
available
Independent to
respondent Extraneous factors
may interfere
Presenting stimuli to the respondents in the form of question
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& note down their oral –verbal response

TYPE OF INTERVIEW
Standardized interviews
a. Structured
b. Unstructured
Non-standardized interviews

a. One to one
1.Face to face,
2.telephonic,
3.internet mediated interviews
b. One to many(focus group)
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Merits Demerits
More accurate responses Not suitable for More
respondents

Get response from all persons Wider geographical area

Overcome resistance of
respondents More time & cost

Response to difficult question

may obtained Selection , training &
supervision of field staff
 Questionnaire method
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 Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research

instrument consisting of a series of question and other
prompts for the purpose of gathering information from
respondent.

 Self administered questionnaire

 Interviewer -administered questionnaire
 Telephone questionnaire
 Delivery and questionnaire
 Postal or mail questionnaire
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Merits Demerits
Suitable for large Difficulty in replying to
population the question

Suitable for large Some question may remain

geographical area unanswered

Less time & cost Low rate of return of

questionnaire

Appropriate for sensitive Replies may be given by any

one other

&
personal type enquiry
 SURVEY- A detailed study of geographical area to
gather data attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction
level etc., by polling a section of the population

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Merits Demerits
On small scale survey
Covered large population avoided

Less expensive Time consuming Information

does not penetrate

deeply
Information is accurate
Researcher must have good
knowledge
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 It is the method of comprehensive study of social unit
which may be a person , a family , an institution , an
organisation or a community .
Merits Demerits
One case almost different
Direct behavioral study
from another case

Real & personal

experience record Personal bias

Make possible the study of Use only in limit sphere

social change

Increase analysis ability & More time & money

skills consuming
 Secondary data are those that have already been
collected by others.

These are usually in journals, periodicals,

research
publication ,official record etc.

Secondary data may be available in the published

or unpublished form. When it is not possible to
collect the data by primary method , the
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investigator go for secondary method.
 EXAMPLE
Books

Journals/periodicals

Magazines/Newspapers

Published Electronic Sources

e-journals

General websites

Weblogs
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Merits Demerits
Quick and cheap source No fulfill our specific
of data research needs

Wider geographical area Poor accuracy

Longer orientation Data are not up to date

Poor accessibility in
period Leading to find
some
cases
primary
data
 Processing involves editing , coding , classification &
tabulation of the data

EDITING-: it is careful scrutiny of data to insure that the

data are is accurate

CODING-: it refers to the process of assigning numerals

or other symbols to answers so response can be put into
a limited number of category.

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 CLASSIFICATION-:

Data are classified on the basis of common

characteristics which may be qualitative or
descriptive & quantitative or numericals

TABULATION-:
it is concise , logical & orderly arrangement of data in a
columns & rows

But now a days use of the computer in processing of

data
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DEFINITION-: analysis mean the categorising ,
ordering , manipulating , & summerising of data to
obtain answers to research question

METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA

1) Parametric Or standard test-:
# The sample is large
# Population have normal distribution
# The observation are independent
# Variables are expressed in interval or ratio
scale
e.g. t-test , z-test, f-test , analysis of variance etc
 NON-PARAMETRIC TEST

Also known as distribution –free test

CHARECTERISTICS

Use when normal distribution is doubtful

Sample size is small

Data expressed in terms of ranks

E.g. chi square test ,The Mann –whitney U-

test etc.
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A) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

The manner in which the total number of observations are

distributed over different classes is called a frequency
distribution or systematic arrangement of numeric values

Frequency distribution represent in graphical form

1)Histogram
2)Bar Graph
3)Circle Graph /pie diagram
4)Frequency polygon
5)Cumulative frequency curve
 Its is two dimensional frequency
density diagram

It represent continuous frequency

distribution

Class interval on X-axis & frequency on

Y-axis

Class interval must be exclusive

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  It is simplest type of graphical
representation of data

 It is suitable for discrete

frequency
distribution

 Simple bar graph

 Double bar graph

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 PIE GRAPH
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Definition: A graph that shows data in

the
form of a circle
Advantages:
•Shows percentages
•Shows how a total is divided into parts
Disadvantages
•Not best for showing trends
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
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It is use for ungrouped frequency

distribution

Variable value on X-axis & frequency

on Y-axis

Frequency plotted against the

corresponding mid-value
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
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CURVE

 Cumulative frequency curve is also

called ogive

 It use when class interval are very small

 Y-value are obtained by adding

successive frequency (cumulative
frequency )
 Mean of absolute deviation of all value of data from average
( mean , mode , median )
Mean Deviation = Σ|x - μ|

μ is the mean
x is each value
N is the number of values

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 t-Test
t-Test is usedfor comparing the means of two independent
group

Paired t-test
If there is any kind of correspondence between the
individual values in the two samples
The should be paired & differences taken and analysed
directly as

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  Report writing is an essential skill for professionals in almost
every field

A report aims to inform, authority within the stipulated

period

Report help to know what has been done , why it was done
how it was done , what result was obtained & what conclusion

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 Features
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 it should be accurate & written in simple language

 It is Complete and Self-explanatory

 It is Comprehensive but Compact

 It has a Proper Date and Signature

 A good report should be able to sustain reader’s interest

 Thank you
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