Ketogenic Diet

Presented
Presented by
by Ashley
Ashley Sandhu
Sandhu
 Why the Ketogenic Diet?
• Increasing Obesity levels in the population
• People looking for quick and efficient methods of weight loss
• Increase in Cardiac issue because of obesity
• Trending diet, everyone is eager to try it at least once
 What is the Ketogenic diet?
• Founded in 1921 by Russel Wilder, to treat patients with epilepsy (Masood, Annamaraju, & Uppaluri,
2020).

• Low-carbohydrates, Moderate proteins and High fats.

• 5% -10% carbs, 30%-35% proteins and 55%- 60% fats (Masood, Annamaraju, & Uppaluri, 2020).

Masood, W., Annamaraju, P., & Uppaluri, K. (2020, June 22). Ketogenic Diet. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499830/
 Eat this
Food Consumption
Not this
S
t
a
r
c
Non-starch vegetables; Zucchini, squash cabbage, broccoli &
Dairy
Berries;
Oils; avocado oil, coconut oil & olive oil
products;
Strawberry’s, cauliflower
Cottage cheese,
raspberries,
Meat,
plainblueberries
Nutspoultry
Greek yogurt
& seeds& fish
& blackberries
& cheese h
Fruits, high
Grains
in sugar
y

v
e
g
(Spritzler,2020) e
t
Spritzler, F. (2020, October 16). Foods to Eat on a Ketogenic Diet. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ketogenic-diet-foods
a
 Timeline
1-2 weeks: Gradual transition from normal diet to ketogenic
diet.

2-3 weeks : To induce the physiological ketosis.

6-12 Months: Maximum suggested period for ketogenic diet

to achieve positive effects.

Mohorko, N., Bizjak, M., Vatovec, T., Grom, G., Kenig, S., Petelin, A., & Pražnikar, Z. (2018). Weight loss, improved physical performance, cognitive function, eating behavior, and metabolic profile in a 12-week ketogenic
diet in obese adults. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www-sciencedirect-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/science/article/pii/S0271531718304627
 Purpose

The purpose of the ketogenic diet is to Deplete glycogen stores, which will then Glycogen stores are depleted by lowering
gradually divert the body to use fat as use triacylglycerols stored in adipose the intake of carbohydrates to minimal
energy, rather than sugar and starches. tissue as the primary energy source. levels and increasing the intake of fats.
 How does the
Ketogenic diet work:
metabolically?

(Watanabe, Hirakawa, Aoe, Fukuda, & Muneta, 2016)

Gropper, S. S., Smith, J. L., & Carr, T. P. (2018). Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
 • In one study conducted by the Department of
Biomedical science, University of Padova in
Italy, they were able to conclude that the
hypothetical mechanisms in which the
Ketogenic diet works, can be summarized as:
Does
Ketogenic diet 1) A decrease in hunger, due to higher satiety
work? effects of protein and reduction in appetite control
hormones (Paoli, 2014).
2) An increase in lipolysis and decreased in
lipogenesis (Paoli, 2014).
 3) The metabolic efficiency is increased in consuming fats which is represented by decrease in resting
respiratory quotient (Paoli, 2014).

The study further concludes that a diet low in carbohydrates can help in curbing hunger, which can improve
oxidative metabolism of fat, resulting in significant reduction of body fat.

Paoli, A. (2014, February 19). Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe? Retrieved December 12, 2020, from
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/2/2092/htm
 • A 12-week study was conducted in obese adults on
a ketogenic diet, regarding weight loss, cognitive
function, physical performance, eating behavior
and metabolic profile (Mohorko et al., 2018). The
research is as followed:
1) Decreased Appetite
Does
2) Weight loss ( approx. -19 kg in men vs -11 kg
Ketogenic diet in women; p<.001)
work? 3) Improvement of Body image satisfaction .
4) Improved Physical Performance due to
decreased body mass.
5) Decrease in emotional and external eating, both
in men and women (Mohorko et al., 2018).
 Biochemically:
• 1) Increase in LDL-Cholesterol (Mohorko et al., 2018).
• 2) Significant decrease in blood glucose (Mohorko et al., 2018).
• 3) Reduction in insulin & leptin levels (Mohorko et al., 2018).

•It was concluded that it takes at least 8-12 weeks for the Ketogenic diet to show proper results,
biochemically negative effects of the diet can be seen at week 1 and 2, which is basically the
transition period from normal diet, but all these parameters returned to baseline after adaption.

Mohorko, N., Bizjak, M., Vatovec, T., Grom, G., Kenig, S., Petelin, A., & Pražnikar, Z. (2018). Weight loss, improved physical performance, cognitive function, eating behavior, and
metabolic profile in a 12-week ketogenic diet in obese adults. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www-sciencedirect-
com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/science/article/pii/S0271531718304627
 • This study focused on the effects of a Very
Low-Calorie Ketogenic diet on body
composition and muscle strength in obese
patients, up to 4 months. This study assessed
body composition using 3 different techniques
Does (DXA, MF-BIA, and ADP). These allowed for
an accurate evaluation of body changes during
Ketogenic diet the dieting.
work? The main findings of the present work were:
1) There was a decrease in visceral fat, as well
as total fat mass, throughout the study.
 2) Muscular strength was not affected during the course the of study.

3) Initially there was a mild loss in fat free mass, which was recovered
eventually.

Arbelaez, D., Bellido, D., Castro, A., Mayan, L., Carreira, J., Galban, C., . . . Casanueva, F. (2017, February 1). Body Composition Changes After Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in Obesity
Evaluated by 3 Standardized Methods. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/2/488/2972058
 Who should not
try the ketogenic
diet?
• Individuals with type 1
diabetes Mellitus.
• Women who are pregnant.
• Individuals who have been
diagnosed with Chronic
kidney disease.

D’Abbondanza, M., Ministrini, S., Pucci, G., Nulli Migliola, E., Martorelli, E., Gandolfo, V., . . . Vaudo, G. (2020, September 09). Very Low-Carbohydrate
Ketogenic Diet for the Treatment of Severe Obesity and Associated Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of Sex Differences. Retrieved
December 12, 2020, from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2748/htm
 Most of the studies show that the
Ketogenic diet can be helpful in the
reduction of body fat,.(Min of 2-3 weeks
to induce ketosis, to a maximum of 6-12
months)

Improve cognitive functions, as well as

Conclusion physical performance.

Negative affects occur during the

transition period and disappear after
adaptation.
 Monitor Renal Functions

Conclusion
Mediterranean diet between two
Ketogenic diet periods is
encouraged
 Reference List
Arbelaez, D., Bellido, D., Castro, A., Mayan, L., Carreira, J., Galban, C., . . . Casanueva, F. (2017, February 1). Body Composition Changes After Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in Obesity Evaluated by 3 Standardized
Methods. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/2/488/2972058

D’Abbondanza, M., Ministrini, S., Pucci, G., Nulli Migliola, E., Martorelli, E., Gandolfo, V., . . . Vaudo, G. (2020, September 09). Very Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet for the Treatment of Severe Obesity and Associated
Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of Sex Differences. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2748/htm

Gropper, S. S., Smith, J. L., & Carr, T. P. (2018). Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Masood, W., Annamaraju, P., & Uppaluri, K. (2020, June 22). Ketogenic Diet. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499830/

Mohorko, N., Bizjak, M., Vatovec, T., Grom, G., Kenig, S., Petelin, A., & Pražnikar, Z. (2018). Weight loss, improved physical performance, cognitive function, eating behavior, and metabolic profile in a 12-week ketogenic
diet in obese adults. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www-sciencedirect-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/science/article/pii/S0271531718304627

Paoli, A. (2014, February 19). Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe? Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/2/2092/htm

Spritzler, F. (2020, October 16). Foods to Eat on a Ketogenic Diet. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ketogenic-diet-foods

Watanabe, S., Hirakawa, A., Aoe, S., Fukuda, K., & Muneta, T. (2016, August 8). Basic Ketone Engine and Booster Glucose Engine for Energy Production. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306274211_Basic_Ketone_Engine_and_Booster_Glucose_Engine_for_Energy_Production