conceptual skills • Social Forces – influence of culture that guides people and relationships • Political Forces – influence of political and legal institutions • Economic Forces – the availability, production, and distribution of resources
concepts • Manage organized on an impersonal, rational basis • Organization depends on rules and records • Managers use power instead of personality to delegate
• Understand human behaviors, needs, and attitudes in the workplace • Importance of people rather than engineering techniques: contrast to scientific management • Empowerment: facilitating instead of controlling • Recognition of the informal organization • Introduced acceptance theory of authority
• Hawthorne studies were key contributor • Human relations paid key variable in increasing performance • Employees performed better when managers treated them positively • Strongly shaped management practice and research
anthropology, economics… • Organizational Development – field that uses behavioral sciences to improve organization • Other strategies based on behavioral science: – Matrix Organizations – Self-Managed Teams – Corporate Culture – Management by Wandering Around
• Use of mathematics and statistics to aid management decision making – Enhanced by development and growth of the computer • Operations Management focuses on the physical production of goods and services • Information technology focuses on technology and software to aid managers
situation as well as the complexities – The relationship among the parts form the whole system • Subsystems are parts of the system that are all interconnected • Synergy – the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Managers must understand subsystem interdependence and synergy
Japan • The US ignored the ideas of W. Edwards Deming, “Father of the Quality Movement” • Total Quality Management (TQM) became popular in the 1980s and 90s • Integrate high-quality values in every activity
Innovative Management: Thinking for a Changing World
• Management ideas trace their roots to historical
perspectives • New ideas continue to emerge to meet the changing needs and difficult times • The shelf life of trends is getting shorter and new ideas peak in fewer than three years